tisFlhg; NghH Vd;? vjw;F?

fle;j 22 khHr; 2003 md;W kPz;Lk; ,uz;lhk; Kiwahf kpfg; nghpa Aj;jk; xd;iw <uhf; kPJ mnkhpf;fh> gphpl;ld;> M];jpNuypag; gilfs; njhLj;J tUfpd;wd. rjhk; cNridf; nfhy;yhky; ehq;fs; tpl khl;Nlhk;..> mtH <uhf;if tpl;L ntspNaw Ntz;Lk;..> mtH ntspNawpdhYk; mtiu tpl khl;Nlhk;..> vd;gd Nghd;w vjhr;rjpfhu> eh]pfisNa kpQ;Rk; mstpy; mnkhpf;f kw;Wk; gphpl;ldpd; fH[idfs; cyf Clfq;fspy; gtdp te;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. Mg;fhd; Nghhpd; NghJk;> ,J Nghd;w Kof;fj;ij gpd;yhld; kPJ nghope;jhHfs;. Mdhy; ,d;Dk; mtH ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ijf; $l ,tHfSk;> ,tHfshy; gPw;wpf; nfhs;sg;gLk; kpfr; rpwe;j etPd kag;gLj;jg;gl;l vyf;l;uhdpf; rhjdq;fSk; $l Njhy;tp mile;J epw;fpd;w ,e;j rkaj;jpy;> ifapy; etPd rhjdq;fisg; ngw;wpuhj gpd;yhlidg; gpbf;f tf;fw;w ,e;jf; $l;Lg; gilfs;> xU ehl;L kf;fshy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l jiytiuj; Njbg;gpbj;J mopf;f KbAk; vd;W fdT fhz;gJ vt;thW vdj; njhpatpy;iy. ,e;j epiyapy; <uhf; kPJ kPz;Lk; mnkhpf;ff; $l;Lg;gilfs; NghH njhLf;ff; fhuzk; vd;d? Vdpe;j Mf;Nuh\k; vd;gd Nghd;w Nfs;tpfSf;F cyf Clfr; rhjdq;fs; rhpahd gjpiy toq;f kWf;Fk; ,e;jr; #o;epiyapy;> Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F thy; gpbf;Fk; Clfq;fs; nrhy;y kWf;Fk; nra;jpfis ehk; ,q;F Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;JNthk;.

Vd;?

Vd;? vd;w ,e;jf; Nfs;tpia ehk; Nfl;gjw;F Kd;> 1991 tisFlhg; NghH Muk;gkhdjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;j #o;epiyfis ehk; gl;baypl;Lg; ghHj;jhy;> ,d;W eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,uz;lhk; tisFlh Aj;jj;jpw;Fk; mJ jhd; fhuzk; vd;gij ehk; mwpe;J nfhs;s ,aYk;.

,d;iwf;F NghH Muk;gkhtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf rpy fhuzq;fis mnkhpf;fhTk;> gphpl;lDk; mjd; $l;L ehLfSk; Kd; itf;fpd;wd.

rjhk; NguopT juf; $ba MAjq;fis itj;jpUf;fpd;whH. mtw;iw mtH mopf;f Ntz;Lk;. <uhf;if mZ> ,urhad capHnfhy;yp MAjq;fsw;w Njrkhf khw;Wk; tiu ehq;fs; NghuhLNthk;> <uhf; kPJ NghH njhLg;Nghk; vd;W> jhq;fs; NghH njhLj;jjw;fhd fhuzj;ijr; nrhy;fpd;whHfs;. cz;ikapNyNa ,e;jf; fhuzq;fis ntsp cyfpw;Fr; nrhy;tjw;F ,tHfs; jFjpahdtHfs; jhdh? vdg; ghHg;gJ ey;yJ.

,d;iwf;F MAj Vw;Wkjpapy; Kd;dzp tfpf;Fk; ehLfspy; ,e;jf; $l;Lg; gil ehLfs; jhd; Kjyplk; ngWfpd;wd. mnkhpf;fh> gphpl;ld;> ,];Nuy;> gpuhd;];> n[Hkdp Nghd;w ehLfs; jhd; cyfpw;F MAjq;fis mjpfkjpfk; Vw;Wkjp nra;J nfhs;is yhgk; <l;Lfpd;wd. ,d;Dk; NghHj; njhopy; El;gk;> tpQ;Qhd xj;Jiog;G vd;w hPjpapy; gy ehLfspd; ,iwahz;ikapy; jiyapl;Lk; tUfpd;wd. ,d;Dk; mZ MAjk;> capHf; nfhy;yp MAjk;> ,urhad MAjk; Nghd;wtw;iw jahhpj;jNjhL kl;Lky;yhJ> ,e;j MAjq;fis ,d;Dk; gy ehLfs; ghHj;jwpahj ,e;jr; #o;epiyapy; xU jhrg;jj;jpw;F Kd;dNkNa ,e;j MAjq;fisg; gy ehLfspy; ghPl;rpj;Jg; ghHj;jpUf;fpd;wd.

fhLfspy; kiwe;jpUe;j tpal;ehk; tPuHfisf; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhf kuq;fspYs;s ,iyfis cjpHf;Fk; V[d;l; MuQ;r; vd;w ,urhadj;ij mnkhpf;fh tpal;ehk; Nghhpd;NghJ gad;gLj;jpaJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf Vuhskhd fhl;L kpUfq;fs; nrj;Jg; Nghapd. MWfspy; Gw;WNehia cz;lhf;Fk; lahf;rpd; vd;w urhadKk; fyf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jg; gFjpfspy; fUr;rpijTfs; kype;jd. cUr; rpije;j Foe;ijfs; gpwe;jd. nrb nfhbfs; tsuhkw; Nghapd. Nkfq;fisr; rpijj;J tpal;ehk; gFjpfspy; nga;a Ntz;ba kioiaAk; jLj;jJ mnkhpf;fh. Giff; ftrk; xd;iw cUthf;fpr; #hpaid kiwj;J> jdf;F vjpuhfr; nray;gLk; ehLfspd; kPJ gUt kioiaj; jLj;J fLk; gQ;rj;ij cUthf;Fk; jpl;lk; xd;iw cUthf;fp itj;jpUg;gjhf Vw;fdNt mnkhpf;fh kPJ Fw;wr;rhl;L $l cz;L.

<uhf;fpy; [dehaf Ml;rp kyu Ntz;Lk;

<uhf;fpy; [dehaf Kiwapy; rjhk; Ml;rp nra;atpy;iy> nfhLq;Nfhy; Ml;rp nra;fpd;whH vd;nwhU thjKk; itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. me;j thjj;jpw;Fj; jFjpahdtH jhd; rjhk; cNrd;. jd;id vjpHf;fpd;wtHfis ,y;yhky; mopj;J tpLtJ vd;gJ mtuJ gz;Gfspy; xd;W vd;gJ cyfk; mwpe;j cz;ik. ,J xd;Nw <uhf; kPJ NghH njhLg;gjw;F fhuzkhf cs;sJ vd;gJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;s ,ayhj thjk;.

Vnddpy;> [dehaff; fhtyd; Ntlk; NghLk; ,Nj mnkhpf;fhTk;> gphpl;lDk; [dehaf Kiwapy; jq;fSf;Fs; xUkpj;j fUj;Jld; nghJkf;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;l jiyikia rpijj;j ngUik> mjhtJ K];ypk;fs; xU jiyikapd; fPo;> cJkhdpaf; fpyghj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;jijf; $W Nghl;L> jiyikiar; rpijj;J> mugpfs; vd;Wk; mugp my;yhjtHfs; vd;Wk; K];ypk;fisg; gphpj;Jg; Nghl;l nfhLikia 1924 Mk; Mz;L epfo;j;jpaJ. ,jd; %yk; rl;l tpNuhjkhfTk;> VNjr;rjpfhuk; %ykhfTk; ghy];jPdpaHfspd; epyq;fis mgfhpj;J ,];Nuy; vd;w uTb Njrk; cUthf top tFj;Jj; je;jd.

If;fpa ehLfs; rig xU ehl;bd; kPJ mjpfkhd fz;ldj; jPHkhdq;fs; epiwNtw;wp itj;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;why; me;j ehL ,];Nuyhfj;jhd; ,Uf;f KbAk;. me;j ehl;bd; kPJ ,Jtiu ve;j nghUshjhuj; jilfisAk; tpjpf;f Kd; tuhj If;fpa ehLfs; rigAk;> mjid Ml;Ltpf;Fk; ehLfSk; <uhf;fpd; kPJ kl;Lk; nghUshjhuj; jilfis tpjpj;J> <uhf;fpa Foe;ijfisAk;> nghJ kf;fisAk; nfhd;W Ftpj;J tUfpd;wJ.

1953 y; kf;fshjuTld; Ml;rp nra;j <uhdpag; gpujkH nkhnrNlhitf; ftpo;j;jJ> nfhLq;Nfhyd; kd;dH \h it mhpaiz Vw;wp itj;jjd; ngUik mnkhpf;fhitAk;> mjd; csT mikg;ghd rpIV itAk; rhUk;. nkhnrNlh nra;j [dehaf tpNuhj eltbf;if?! vd;dntd;why;> <uhdpy; cs;s vz;nza; tay;fis ehl;Llikahf;fpaJ jhd;. gphpl;b\; epWtdq;fspd; iffspy; ,Ue;J nfhz;bUe;j <uhdpd; vz;nza; tay;fis> ehl;Llikahf;fp <uhdpd; nrhj;Jf;fshf mtw;iw khw;wpaJ jhd; mtH nra;j jtW. $ypg;gilfisf; nfhz;L nkhnrNlhtpd; muirf; ftpo;j;J> kd;duhl;rpia epWtpa ,tHfs; jhd; ,d;W [dehaf muR gw;wp tha; fpopag; NgRfpd;whHfs;. vz;nza; epWtdq;fspy; 40 rj chpikia kd;dH \h mnkhpf;ff; fk;ngdpfSf;F mspj;Jj; jd; ed;wpf; fld; milj;jhH. ,e;j Ml;rpf; ftpo;g;Gf;F Kd;dpd;W nrayhw;wpa rpIV tpd; jiytH nfHkp &];nty;l; vd;gtd;> gpd;dhspy; fy;/g; Mapy; epWtdj;jpd; cjtpj; jiytuhfTk; epakpf;fg;gl;lhd;. mnkhpf;f rpIV Tk; \h kd;ddpd; “rhtf;” csTg; gilAk; vjpHg;Gj; njhptpj;j gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd <uhdpa kf;fisf; nfhd;W Ftpj;j fijia ,d;Wk; cyf tuyhW jd;dpy; gjpT nra;J itj;jpUf;fpd;wJ.

1954 y; Fthjpkhyhtpy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l jiytH N[NfhNgh mHngd;irj; J}f;fp vwpe;jhHfs;. Fthjpkhyhtpd; 70 rj epytsk; 3 rjk; Nghplk; Ftpe;jpUe;jJ. mtw;iwnay;yhk; ehl;Llikahf;fp tptrhapfSf;Fg; gphpj;Jf; nfhLj;jhH mHngd;];. Fthjpkhyhtpd; mjpf epyg;gug;ig jd; iftrk; itj;jpUe;j “Aidl;nll; G&l;” fk;ngdpAk; ehl;Llikahf;fg;gl;lJ. N`hz;LuhrpypUe;J mDg;gg;gl;l rpIV d; rjpr; nray;fs; %yk; mHngd;]; Ml;rpapypUe;J J}f;fp vwpag;gl;lhH. mtH Ml;rp nra;j ,lj;jpy; xU nghk;ikr; rHthjpfhhp mkHj;jg;gl;lhH. mHngd;]; nra;j xNu jtW> ehl;Llikahf;fpa epyq;fis jdJ ehl;L tptrhapfspd; iffspy; gfpHe;jspj;jJ jhd;. mHngd;]; J}f;fp vwpag;gl;lTld;> kPz;Lk; me;j epyq;fs; mnkhpf;fhtpd; Andl;nll; G&l; epWtdj;jpw;Ff; ifaspf;fg;gl;lJ.

fk;A+dp]g; gaq;futhjj;ijf; fl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L tUfpd;Nwhk; vd;w ngahpy;> gdpg;NghH fhyj;jpy; ,tHfshy; Ml;rp ftpog;Gr; nra;ag;gl;l rpypapd; ry;tlhH my;yd;Nl> fhq;Nfhtpd; ghl;hp]; Y}Kk;gh..> ,d;Dk; Vuhskhd Ml;rpf; ftpo;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; gLnfhiyfSk; mlq;Fk;.

,Ugj;ije;J Mz;LfSf;F Kd; epfuhFthtpd; kPJ mnkhpf;fh njhLj;j Nghhpy; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH. epfuhFth jpUg;gpj; jhf;fhky; mnkhpf;fhtpd; gaq;futhj eltbf;if Fwpj;J cyf ePjpkd;wj;jpYk;> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapYk; GfhH nra;jJ. mnkhpf;fhtpd; gf;fk; jtwpUg;gijr; Rl;bf; fhl;ba gpd;Gk;> epfuhFthtpw;F e\;l <L toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W cyf ePjpkd;wk; cj;jutpl;l gpd;Gk;> ,d;W rl;lk; xOq;F gw;wpg; NgRk; mnkhpf;fh md;W  ePjpkd;wj; jPHg;igj; J}f;fp vwpe;J> ,Jtiu mjw;F e\;l <L toq;f kWj;J tUfpd;wJ. ,J Fwpj;J If;fpa ehLfs; rigapy; epfuhFth Kiwapl;l NghJ> mnkhpf;fh cyf ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPHg;ig kjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jPHkhdk; nfhz;L te;j NghJ> jdJ rpwg;G tPl;Nlh mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp me;j jPHkhdj;ij mnkhpf;fh uj;J nra;jJ. ,tHfs; jhd; [dehafk; gw;wp ,g;nghOJ NgRfpd;whHfs;.

fpspd;ldpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; #lhdpy; cs;s my; \p/gh kUe;J Miyapd; kPJ VTfizj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. me;j kUe;J Miyapy; rl;l tpNuhjkhd ,urhad capHf;nfhy;yp jahhpf;fg;gLtjhf mnkhpf;fh mjw;Ff; fhuzk; $wpaJ. me;j Miyapy; mt;thW ve;j ,urhadKk; jahhpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;W If;fpa ehLfs; rig tprhuiz nra;J CH[pjk; nra;j gpd;Gk; ,d;W tiu mjw;F e\;l <Nlh my;yJ kd;dpg;Ngh mnkhpf;fh njhptpf;ftpy;iy. my; \p/gh kUe;J Miyapd; epWtdH lhf;lH ,j;hp]; my; ja;apg; vd;gtH nrg;lk;gH 11 jhf;Fjy; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $wpaJ ,q;Nf Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,d;iwa cyf tHj;jf ika ,ul;ilf; NfhGuj;jpd; kPjhd jhf;Fjiyg; Nghd;wJ jhd; md;iwa vkJ epWtdj;jpd; kPjhd jhf;FjYk;. xNu xU tpj;jpahrk; vd;dntdpy; md;W vq;fisj; jhf;fpaJ ahH vd;gJ cyfj;jpw;Fj; njhpAk;. Mdhy; vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapYk;> XH Vio ehl;bw;F Vw;gl;l xg;gPl;lstpyhd ,og;Gfs; vd;w hPjpapYk; md;iwa (vq;fs; kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gl;lJ) ,ul;ilf; NfhGuj; jhf;Fjiy tpl NkhrkhdJ.

1998 y; mnkhpf;ff; fg;gw;gilapd; tpd;nrd;]; vd;Dk; NghHf; fg;gy; <uhdpa tpkhdk; xd;iwr; Rl;L tPo;j;jp 290 mg;ghtp kf;fisf; nfhd;w NghJ ,d;iwa G\;\pd; je;ij nrhd;dhH : mnkhpf;fh nra;jjw;fhf ehd; kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;fNth tUj;jk; njhptpf;fNth khl;Nld;. cz;ikfs; vd;d vd;gJ gw;wp vdf;Ff; ftiy ,y;iy. Mdhy; ,Nj Nghd;wnjhU Fw;wr;rhl;bd; Nghpy;> tpkhdj; jfHg;gpy; <Lgl;ljhf ypgpahtpd; kPJ cs;s Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;Fg; gjpy;> ypgpahtpd; kPJ ,d;wsTk; nghUshjhuj; jil ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.

,tHfs; epidj;jhy; vj;jifa nfhLq;NfhyHfisAk; [dehafthjpfshfr; rpj;jhpg;ghHfs;. ,jw;F ,tHfsJ Clfq;fSk; Jiz nra;Ak;. mnkhpf;fh Mg;fhidj; jhf;fp jhypghd;fis tpul;b tpl;l NghJ> kf;fs; jhbia kopj;Jf; nfhz;lijAk; tlf;Ff; $l;lzpia Muthukhf kf;fs; tuNtw;wijAk; xypgug;gpaJ. jhypghid kpff; fLikahf tpkHrpj;j Mg;fhdpag; ngz;fs; mikg;ghd “uth” ntspapl;lnjhU mwpf;ifapy;> tlf;Ff; $l;lzpapd; Mjpf;fj;ij kf;fs; Vw;ftpy;iy vd;wJ. fphpkpdy; Fk;gy;fshfpa tlf;Ff; $l;lzpapdH ghypay; td;Kiwf;Fk;> nfhs;isfSf;Fk; ngaH NghdtHfs;. mtHfspd; EioT vd;gJ fhG+ypy; cs;s ,uz;L kpy;ypad; kf;fSf;Fg; NghpbahfNt ,Uf;Fk;. tlf;Ff; $l;lzpapd; tUifia rHtNjrg; nghJkd;dpg;G mitAk; fz;bj;Js;sJ. mnkhpf;fhTk;> gphpl;lDk; tlf;Ff; $l;lzpapd; Ke;ija kdpj chpik kPwy;fis vg;gb kwe;jdH vd;fpw Nfs;tpiag; nghJ kd;dpg;G mit vOg;gpAs;sJ. Vnddpy; 1992-96 y; Mg;fhd; tlf;Ff; $l;lzpapd; fPo; ,Ue;j nghOJ> ,tHfs; nfhd;W Ftpj;j capHfspd; vz;zpf;if RkhH 50 MapukhFk;. ngz;fs; fl;lhaj; jpUkzk; nra;ag;gl;ldH. gpd; ghypay; td;Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;lhHfs;. ,tHfspd; nkhj;j tUkhdk; Nghijg; nghUs; gapH nra;tJ> Nghijg; nghUs; flj;jy; %ykhfg; ngwg;gl;lJ.

,Jkl;Lky;y> kf;fshy; NjHT nra;ag;gl;l Ml;rpahsHfs; jq;fsJ Raeyd;fSf;F xj;Jtuhj gl;rj;jpy; cs;ehl;L jPtputhjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp> cs;ehl;Lf; fyfk;> gLnfhiyfisr; nra;tjw;Fk; ,e;j mnkhpf;fh> gphpl;ld; Nghd;w ehLfs; jaq;Ftjpy;iy. epfuhFthtpy; Nfhz;Luh]; jPtputhjpfSk;> nygdhdpd; /gyhd;fp];l; jPtputhjpfSk;> #lhdpd; [hd;Nfhud; jiyikapy; fyfk; nra;Ak; jPtputhjpfSk; nra;ahj nfhLikfsh? nygdhdpd; /gyhd;fp];l; jPtputhjpfs; ,];Nuypd; xj;Jiog;Gld; (,d;iwa ,];Nuypag; gpujkuhf ,Uf;Fk; Vhpay; \Nuhd; ,uhZt mjpfhhpahf ,Ue;jnghOJ> Vhpay; \Nuhdpd; jiyikapy; ,e;jg; gLnfhiyfs; ele;jJ. ePjpkd;w tprhuizapy; Vhpay; \NuhDf;F igj;jpak; gpbj;Jtpl;ljhf ,];Nuy; jug;gpy; $wg;gl;lJ. me;jg; igj;jpak; jhd; ,d;W gpujkuhf ,Ue;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ) rg;uh-rjPyh Kfhk;fspy; ,Ue;j ghy];jPd mfjpfis 1982 y; nfhd;nwhopj;jij cyfk; mjp rPf;fpuj;jpy; kwe;J tpl KbahJ. NkNy ehk; ghHj;j Mg;fhdpd; tlf;Ff; $l;lzpAk; ,j;jifa tHf;fj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfNs.

,e;j gd;dhl;L $l;Lg;gilfs; <uhf; kPJ NghH njhLj;jpUg;gjw;Ff; $wpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; fhuzq;fs; ahTk; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdit my;y vd;gJk;> ,e;jf; fhuzj;ijr; nrhy;yp NghH njhLg;gjw;F mtHfs; yhaf;fw;wtHfs; vd;gJk; Nkw;fz;l Gs;sp tpguq;fs; %yk; ehk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; mNj rkaj;jpy;> gpd; vjw;fhf <uhf; kPJ NghH njhLj;jpUf;fpd;whHfs; vd;gij tpsf;FtJk; ekJ flikahfpd;wJ.

jhypghd;fs; kPJk; mjw;F cjtp nra;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; c]hkh gpd; yhjpd; kPJk; mnkhpf;fhTk; mjd; $l;Lg;gilfSk; $wpa Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; ahTk; cz;ikay;y vd;gijAk;> mnkhpf;fh> gphpl;ld; kw;Wk; ,tHfspd; mbtUb ehLfspd; nghUshjhu Nehf;fk; jhd; ,jd; fhuzkhFk; vd;gij tpl> mnkhpf;f kw;Wk; gphpl;ldpd; Mjpf;fj;ij vjpHf;Fk; Nehf;fk; nfhz;l vtUk;> mtHfs; vj;jifa rj;jparPyHfshf ,Ug;gpDk; mtHfs; Fw;wthspfshfNt fUjg;gLthHfs; vd;gJk; jhd; cz;ikahFk;.

mnkhpf;fhtpd; Nkyhz;ikia vjpHf;Fk; c]hkh> my; []Puh njhiyf;fhl;rp epWtdj;jpw;F mspj;j Nf]l;by; fhzg;gLk; murpaiyf; ftdpj;jhy;> <uhf; rjhk; cNridf; nfhy;y epidf;Fk; mnkhpf;f murpay; tpsq;Fk;.

q       mnkhpf;fh njhLj;j tisFlhg; NghH vd;gJk; njhlHe;J tpjpf;fg;gLk; jilfSk; <uhf; kf;fs; kPjhd ngUk; Fw;wr; nray;.

q       Nkw;F ehLfspd; cjtpNahL fle;j 34 Mz;Lfshf ghy];jPdj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jpUf;Fk; ,];Nuypd; eltbf;if fLk; fz;ldj;jpw;FhpaJ.

q       Coy; kpFe;jitahfTk; Vkhw;Wj; jd;ik kpf;fjhfTk; cs;s muhgpa muRfSk;> nrhj;Jf;fisg; gfpHe;jspf;f kWf;Fk; mjd; murpay; jiytHfSk; fz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;batHfs;.

,q;Nf c]hkh $Wtnjd;dntd;why;> muG ehLfspy; fpilf;ff; $ba vz;nza; tsq;fs; nghJ kf;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fs;. vdNt> mtw;iw Fwpg;gpl;l xUrhuhH jq;fsJ Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; itj;jpUf;fhky;> mjd; gyd;fs; midj;J muG kf;fisAk; nrd;wila Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjahFk;. ,J xU fhuzk; xd;Nw NghJkhdJ> mtiuj; jPtputhjpahfr; rpj;jhpg;gjw;F! gpd; ,jw;Fk; <uhf; mjpgH rjhk; cNrDf;Fk; vd;d njhlHG vd ePq;fs; Nfl;fyhk;. me;jj; njhlHig ePq;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;why;> Kjy; tisFlhg; NghUf;F Ke;ija murpay; epfo;Tfis mwpe;J nfhs;tjd; %yk;> rjhik mopj;njhopf;f epidFk; mnkhpf;f kw;Wk; gphpl;ld; $l;Lg; gilfspd; jpl;lk; njspthFk;. vdNt ehk; ,g;nghOJ 1991 f;F Ke;ija murpay; epfo;Tfisr; rw;W Muha;e;J ghHg;Nghk;.

1991 f;F Ke;ija tisFlh murpay;

NghHfspd; jha; vdTk; ghiytdg; Gay; vdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l me;j tisFlhg; Nghhpd; Nehf;fk; vd;dntd;gij mnkhpf;f mjpgH ,t;thW $wpdhH. kj;jpa fpof;fpy; mjpfhuk; vd;gJ Jg;ghf;fpf; FoypUe;J gpwf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; ,dp me;jj; Jg;ghf;fpf; Foy;fs; mtHfSilajhf ,y;yhky; ek;Kilajhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W Kjy; tisFlhg; NghUf;Fg; gpd; je;ij G\; nfhf;fhpj;jhH.

tisFlhg; gFjpapy; cs;s vz;nza; tsj;ijf; ifg;gw;WtJ xd;Nw ,e;jf; $l;Lg; gilfspd; Nehf;fk; vd;w gpur;rhuk; nra;ag;gl;lJ cz;ik. mjid Kw;wpYk; kWj;J xJf;fp tpl Kbahj NghjpYk;> ,e;jg; NghUf;Fg; gpd;dzpahf mnkhpf;f kw;Wk; gphpl;ldpd; tPo;e;J tpl;l nghUshjhuj;ij epkpHj;Jtjw;Fz;lhd eltbf;ifapd; Kf;fpa mk;rk; vd;Nw $wyhk;. ,e;j VNjr;rjpfhuHfspd; nghUshjhuj;ij ehrg;gLj;jf; $ba jpl;lj;ij rjhk; cNrd; muG ehLfspd; kj;jpapy; itj;jhH vd;gNj mtH nra;j kpfg; nghpa jtwhFk;. ,e;jj; jtiw mtH nra;jJ 1990 fspd; NghJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

<uhd;-<uhf; Nghhpdhy; kpfTk; jsHe;J Nghd <uhf;fpd; nghUshjhuj;ij epkpHj;jpf; nfhz;L tu rjhk; Kad;whH. <uhf;fpd; nghUshjhuk; vz;nza; tsj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ vd;gJ midtUk; mwpe;j cz;ik.

tisFlhg; gFjpapy; ntspg;gl;l mghpjkhd fWg;Gj; jq;fk; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l ngl;Nuhy; cw;gj;jp> Nkw;F ehLfspd; ftdj;ij <Hj;jJ. vz;nza; vLg;gJ vd;gJ xU caH njhopy; El;gk; Njitg;gLfpd;w xU JiwahFk;. vdNt vz;nza; tsj;ijf; fz;lwptJ> vz;nza; vLg;gJ> Rj;jpfhpg;gJ Nghd;w gzpfisr; nra;tjw;F tisFlhg; gFjpfspy; GFe;j ,e;j Nkw;F ehLfs;> muG ehLfis Ruz;bf; nfhOj;jd. fhyg; Nghf;fpy; ,e;jr; Ruz;ly;fs; czug;gl;L ,jw;F vjpHg;Gj; njhptpf;FKfkhf> vz;nza; tsj;ij Njrpakakhf;Fk; jpl;lq;fs; cUthfpd. NkYk;> 1960 fspy; jhq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;af; $ba vz;nza;f;F jhq;fNs tpiyia epHzapf;fTk;> vz;nza; tpiyiaf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; vz;nza; cw;gj;jp ehLfs; Xngf; vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ld. Mdhy; 10 Mz;Lfs; tiu ,e;j mikg;G Rje;jpukhfr; nray;gl Kbatpy;iy. NkYk; ,e;j mikg;gpy; mq;fk; tfpf;ff; $ba midj;J ehLfSk; nry;te;j ehLfs; vd;W nrhy;tjw;fpy;iy. muGehLfspy; Fitj;> rT+jp mNugpah> Nghd;w ehLfs; jtpHj;J Vida ehLfs; %d;whk; cyf ehLfspd; thpirapy; jhd;  ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. ,it ahTk; mnkhpf;fh> gphpl;ld;> cyf Mfpatw;wplk; fld;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. vdNt> xngf; vd;w mikg;gpy; ,Ue;jhYk; jq;fshy; Rje;jpukhfr; nray;gl KbahJ. ,d;Dk; trjpfSk;> nry;tKk; gpwhplk; nghUshjhu NjitfSf;fhf ifNae;j Njitapy;yhj epiyapUe;Jk;> jq;fsJ ehl;bd; tsHr;rpf;Fk;> ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; NkiyehLfspd; Mjuit ek;gp ,Uf;Fk; ehLfshfj; jhd; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd.

,e;j epiyapy; <uhd;-<uhf; Nghhpdhy; jsHTw;w jdJ nghUshjhuj;ij caHj;j tpUk;gpa rjhk;> vz;nza; cw;gj;jpiaf; fl;Lf;Fs; itg;gjd; %yk;> vz;nza; Vw;Wkjpapd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; mjpfgl;r yhgj;ij itj;J jdJ nghUshjhuj;ij gbg;gbahf rPuikj;Jf; nfhs;s rjhk; tpUk;gpdhH. mjw;F Xngf; ehLfspd; $l;likg;ig Ntz;bf; nfhz;lhH. xngf; fl;Lg;ghLfspd; tpisthf vz;nza; tpiyfs; VwpaJ> NkiyehLfSf;F vhpr;riy Cl;baJ.

,e;j tpiy caHit NkiyehLfs; khw;W vhpnghUs; jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; vjpHnfhz;ld. NkYk; nrhe;j ehLfspy; vz;nza; tsk; fz;lwpAk; gzp Kbf;fp tplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf vz;nza; ,wf;Fkjp Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. cyf cw;gj;jpapy; 60 rjtPjj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhz;bUe;j xngf; ehLfs;> ,g;nghOJ 33 rj cw;gj;jpahf Fiwf;f Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. 1970 y; 3 lhyuhf ,Ue;j xU gPg;gha; tpiy 11.65 lhyuhf 1973 f;Fs; caHT fz;lJ. mLj;j MW Mz;Lfspy; gbg;gbahf 18 lhyuhfTk; gpd; 31 lhyuhfTk;> ,Wjpapy; 1980 y; 40 lhyuhfTk; fpLfpLntd caHe;jJ.

cyf ehLfs; khw;W vhpnghUs; jpl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;jpajd; tpisthf kPz;Lk; ngl;Nuhy; tpiy 1986 vl;L lhyuhf ks ksntdf; Fiwe;jJ. 1980 Kd; vz;nza; tsk; %ykhf 287 gpy;ypad; lhyuhf ,Ue;j xngf;fpd; tUkhdk;> 1980 g; gpd; cs;s Mz;Lfspy; 79 gpy;ypad; lhyuhff; Fiwe;jJ. ,jdhy; xngf; ehLfspy; cs;ehl;L tsHr;rpAk; Fiwe;jJ.

,e;j epiyapy; 8 Mz;Lfs; <uhDldhd njhlH Nghhpy; <uhf; ntw;wp ngw;wjhfj; Njhw;wk; je;jhYk; mjd; nghUshjhuk; Kw;wpYk; rPuope;jpUe;jJ. ,e;j rPuikg;gpw;F 230 gpy;ypad; lhyHfs; mjw;Fj; Njitg;gl;lJ. md;iwa mjd; tUthapy; <uhf;ifr; rPuikf;f ,UgJ Mz;Lfs; Njitg;gLk; vdTk; fzf;fplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf mjw;F Mz;nlhd;Wf;F 10 gpy;ypad; lhyH Njitg;gl;lJ.

<uhDldhd Nghiu kj mbg;gilthjj;jpw;F vjpuhf muhgpa cyiff; fhg;ghw;WtJ vd;fpw ngahpNy jhd; <uhDldhd Nghiur; rjhk; Jtf;fpapUe;jhH. vdNt> rT+jp> Fitj; Mfpa ehLfs; NghHr; nryTfisg; gfpHe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ rjhkpd; Nfhhpf;ifahfTk; ,Ue;jJ. NkYk; Xngf; vz;nza; cw;gj;jpia ,Wf;fkhfg; gpd;gw;Wtjd; %yk; vz;nza; tpiyia 18 lhyuhf caHj;Jtjd; %yk;> jdJ ehl;Lg; nghUshjhuj;ijr; rPuikf;f rjhk; tpUk;gpdhH.

gpg;uthp 1990 y; muhgpaf; $l;lf;FO Kjyhz;L tpoh mk;khdpy; eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; jdJ NghHf;fld;fis uj;J nra;a Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> jdJ ehl;Lg; nghUshjhuj;ijr; rPuikj;Jf; nfhs;s cldbahf 30 gpy;ypad; lhyH Vw;ghL nra;J juNtz;Lk; vdTk;> ,e;jf; Nfhhpf;ifia md;iwa N[hHlhd; kd;dH cNrDk;> vfpg;J mjpgH Kghuf;Fk; vLj;Jr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhhpf;ifiaAk; mtH Kd;itj;jhH. NkYk; ,e;jf; Nfhhpf;ifia Vw;fh tpl;lhy;> me;jg; gzj;ij jhd; vt;thW ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ vd;gJk; jdf;Fj; njhpAk; vd;Wk; rjhk; NgrpdhH. ,tuJ ,e;jg; Ngr;R muG tisFlhg; gpuhe;jpaj;ij mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shf;fpaJ. ,jid mLj;J me;jf; $l;lj;jpy; NkiyehLfspd; je;jpuq;fs; Fwpj;Jk;> mtHfsJ je;jpug; gpbapypUe;J kPs;tJ Fwpj;Jk; mtH NgrpaJ NkiyehLfSf;F mjpHr;rpia cz;L gz;zpaJ.

Nrhtpaj; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd; mnkhpf;fh Vfhjpgj;jpak; tisFlhg; gFjpia jdJ Vfhjpgj;jpa Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L tu Kaw;rpf;fpwJ> ,J muhgpag; gFjpf;F ngUe;jPq;fha; KbAk; vd;Wk;> ,];NuYld; NrHe;J nfhz;L mugpag; gFjpfspy; mnkhpf;fh A+jHfisf; FbakHj;jpf; nfhz;bf;fpd;wJ vd;Wk;> mugpag; gzk; mnkhpf;f kw;Wk; Nkiyehl;L tq;fpfspy; itg;gr; nra;tij epWj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> jq;fsJ Raeyd;fSf;F vjpuhfr; nray;gLk; Nkiy ehLfis topf;Ff; nfhz;L tu me;j ehLfspy; itg;G epjpahf itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; gzj;ij jpUk;gg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> ,d;Dk; me;jg; gzq;fis xngf; ehLfs; kw;Wk; u\pa kw;Wk; fpof;F INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; KjyPL nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gd Nghd;w mnkhpf;fh> gphpl;lhdpa ehLfSf;F vjpuhd rjhkpd; Kof;fk;> Vfhjpgj;jpa rf;jpfisr; rpd%l;baNjhL ,d;Dk; jq;fis mr;RWj;Jk; Nfhlhhpf; fhk;ghf tisFlh ehLfSk; fUjpajd; tpisT> tisFlhg; Nghuhf mJ cUntLj;jJ.

Xngf;fpd; ,e;jf; fl;Lg;ghL> kw;Wk; vz;nza; tsq;fs; muRlikahf;fy; Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; Vw;fdNt fLg;ghfpg; NghapUe;j NkiyehLfs;> Xngf; ehLfs; vz;nza; cw;gj;jpiaf; fl;Lf;Fs; itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gd Nghd;w rjhkpd; Nfhhpf;iffs; ,d;Dk; rjhkpd; kPJ ntWg;ig Vw;wp tpl;ld. xngf; mikg;G cUthFtjw;F Kd;G vz;nza; tsj;ij ntspapy; vLg;gjw;F uhay;b vd;w ngahpy; muG N\f;FfSf;F VNjh xU rpW njhifia toq;fp Vkhw;wp te;j ,e;j NkiyehLfSf;F> rjhkpd; ,e;j mbkbapy; ifitf;Fk; ghzp mjpHr;rpia mjpfg;gLj;jp tpl;lJ vd;Nw $wyhk;.

rjhkpd; Nfhhpf;ifia Vw;Wf; nfhz;l Xngf; ehLfspy; cs;s Fitj; kw;Wk; If;fpa muG mkPufk; Nghd;w ehLfs;> vz;nza; cw;gj;jpiaf; fl;Lf;Fs; itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf> mjpf cw;gj;jpia Nkw;nfhz;ljd; tpisT <uhf;fpd; nghUshjhuj;ij rjhk; vjpHghHj;j msTf;F rPuikf;f Kbahky; nra;jd.

<uhf; vz;nza; mikr;rH my; ryhgp Fitj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W epHzapf;fg;gl;l vy;iyf;F Nky; vz;nza; vLf;f Ntz;lhk; vd Ntz;LfpwhH.

khHr; 90 Nkw;F ehLfSldhd Kuz;fs; Kw;Wfpd;wd. yz;ld; thu ,jnohd;wpd; epUguhd gHrhj; ghNrh/g;l; kPJ csTf; Fw;wk; rhl;b kuz jz;lid epiwNtw;WfpwJ <uhf;.

khHr; 22-90 y; <uhf;Ff;fhf 40 ld; vilAs;s nrgk; Jg;ghf;fp xd;iw tbtikj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j fdlh epGzH N[uhy;L Gy;> gpu];]y;]; efhpy; itj;J ,];Nuypa nkhrhj; csTg; gphpthy; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gLfpwhH.

khHr; 28-90 y; yz;ldpy; <uhf;fpw;Ff; flj;jg;gl ,Ue;jjhff; mZFz;L cghpg;ghfq;fs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld vd;w gpur;rhuk; cr;r fl;lj;ij milfpd;wJ.

Vg;uy; 2-90 uhZtj;jpd; Kd; rjhk; ,t;thW ciu epfo;j;Jfpd;whH. mZ MAjq;fs; ekf;Fj; Njitapy;iy. mjw;Fr; rkkhd urhad MAjq;fs; ek;kplk; cs;sd. NkiyehLfs; ,];Nuiyj; J}z;b tpl;Lj; jhf;Fjy; elj;j Kaw;rpj;jhy; fLk; tpisTfisr; re;jpf;f NehpLk;.

Nk 1990 y; ele;j xngf; khehl;by; kPz;Lk; jdJ Nfhhpf;ifia <uhf; itf;fpd;wJ. epHzapf;fg;gl;l mstpw;Fk; mjpfkhf vLf;fg;gLk; xt;nthU gPg;ghapd; %ykhf Vw;gLk; tpiy e\;lj;jpd; %yk; jdf;F 1 gpy;ypad; lhyH msT e\;lNkw;gLtjhf me;j khehl;by; <uhf; GfhH $Wfpd;wJ. NkYk; <uhf; kPJ nghUshjhug; Nghiuj; njhLj;Js;s muGr; rNfhjuHfs; epiyikia czu Ntz;Lk; vdTk; mJ NfhUfpd;wJ.

jdJ vz;nza; mikr;riu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;jjijj; jtpu NtW ve;j eltbf;ifiaAk; vLf;fhky;> kPz;Lk; mjpf cw;gj;jpia Fitj; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.

[{d; 90 rjhkpd; Kf;fpa MNyhrfH rhjhd; mk;khb kPz;Lk; Nfhhpf;ifia typAWj;jp Xngf; ehLfSf;Fg; gazk;. Fitj; kw;Wk; If;fpa muG ehLfSf;F rjhk; vr;rhpf;if tpLfpd;whH.

[{iy 90 y; [pj;jhtpy; eilngw;w $l;lj;jpy; epHzapf;fg;gl;l msTf;F Nky; vz;nza; vLg;gjpy;iy vd;W thastpy; rk;kjk; njhptpj;jy;.

gpd; RkhH 30 Mapuk; JUg;Gfs; Fitj; vy;;iyia Nehf;fp efuj; njhlq;Fjy;. Kghuf; cldbahfj; jiyapl;L> <uhf; JUg;Gfs; Fitj; vy;iy Nehf;fpr; nry;tijj; jLf;Fk;gb Nfhhpf;if itj;jy;. rjhKk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;whH.

[{iy 16>90 y; muhg; yPf; nghJr; nrayhsUf;F ,uhf; ntspAwT mikr;rH jhhPf; m[P]; vOjpa fbjj;jpy;> vy;iyiaj; jhz;b Fitj; vz;nza; vLj;J tUtijAk;> nuhka;yh vz;nza; taypypUe;J Fitj; vz;nza; vLg;gJk; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. 2.4 gpy;ypad; lhyH kjpg;Gs;s vz;nza; ,t;thW jpUlg;gl;Ls;sjhfg; GfhH njhptpf;fpd;whH.

[{iy 18>90 y; Fitj; kf;fs; mr;RWj;jYf;Fg; gzpa khl;lhHfs; vd;W muG yPf; nghJr; nrayhsUf;F Fitj; fbjk; vOJjy;.

[{iy> 25-90 y; mnkhpf;fj; J}jh Vg;hpy; fpsh];gpiag; ghf;jhjpw;F tutioj;J epiyikfs; Fwpj;J rjhk; tpsf;Fjy;. rjhkpd; epahaq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhz;l mnkhpf;fj; J}jH <uhf; kPJ G\; nghUshjhu epHg;ge;jq;fisj; njhlu khl;lhH vd thf;FWjp mspj;jy;. ,d;Dk; 25 Mz;Lfs; tisFlhg; gFjpapy; gzpGhpe;j mDgtj;ij itj;Jr; nrhy;fpd;Nwd;> cq;fspd; epahakhd Nfhhpf;iff;F muhgpa ehLfspd; MjuT cq;fSf;F epr;rak; fpilf;Fk;. muhgpa ehLfSf;fpilNaahd cs; jfuhWfspYk;> vy;iyg; gpur;idfspYk; mnkhpf;fhtpw;nfd;W fUj;J vJTk; fpilahJ vd;Wk; mtH $Wfpd;whH.

[{iy 31>90 Kghuf;fpw;F mspj;j thf;FWjpg;gb jdJ Gul;rpj; jiyikf;FOtpd; cjtpj; jiytH ,rhj; ,g;uh`Pik n[j;jhtpw;F Ngr;RthHj;ijf;fhf mDg;GfpwhH rjhk;.

Mf];L 1> 90 <uhf;fpd; Nfhhpf;iffisf; Fitj; Gwf;fzpf;fpd;wJ. Ngr;RthHj;ij Njhy;tp.

Mf];L 2>90 rjhkpd; gilfs; Fitj;ij Mf;fpukpf;fpd;wd.

,jw;F Kd; ehk; xd;iwf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. rjhk; nrhe;j ehl;L kf;fs; kPJ rHthjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp tUgtH> ghy];jPdg; gpur;idapy; KOikahf ghy];jPdHfspd; gf;fk; epd;wthpy;iy> <uhDldhd Nghhpy; mnkhpf;fhtpd; ifahshfr; nray;gl;ltH vd;W mtH kPJ $wg;gl;l Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; cz;ikjhd; vdpDk;> ,e;jf; fhuzq;fis Kd;dpl;L mnkhpf;fh mtH kPJ NghH njhLj;jjw;F $wg;gl;l fhuzq;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s ,ayhjitahFk;. mtH Ngr;RthHj;ijfspd; kPJ ek;gpf;if ,y;yhjtH vd;Wk;> epahaq;fisg; Gwf;fzpj;Jr; nray;glf; $batH vd;Wk;> ntWk; gpuhe;jpa Nkyhjpf;f ntwpapd; fhuzkhfj; jhd; mtH Fitj; kPJ Mf;fpukpg;G elj;jpdhH vd;w Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspd; gpur;rhuk; ngha; vd;gJk;> rjhk; jd; gf;fk; cs;s epahaq;fis Kd;dpl;L epahakhd Kiwapy; elf;f Kad;W Njhw;w gpd;G jhd;> Mf;fpukpg;G eltbf;iffspy; ,wq;f Nehpl;lJ vd;gJk; jhd; kiwf;fg;gl;l cz;ikfshf ,Uf;f KbAk;.

NkNy cs;s fhuzq;fisAk; ,g;nghOJ mnkhpf;fh $Wk; fhuzq;fisAk; xg;gpl;L Nehf;FNthkhdhy;> <uhf;fpy; mZMAjq;fs;> ,urhad MAjq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;w mtw;iw mtH mopf;f Ntz;Lk;> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; ghpNrhjfHfSf;F KOikahf xj;Jiog;G toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mnkhpf;fh $wpaJ. mnkhpf;fhtpd; Gfhiu Vw;Wf; nfhz;l rjhk;> If;fpa ehLfspd; rig %ykhf tuf; $ba ghpNrhjfHfis jdJ ehl;Lf;Fs; mDkjpj;jhH. Nrhjidapd; gpd;G ghpNrhjfHfs; ntspapl;l mwpf;ifapy;> mnkhpf;fh $Wk; Fw;wr;rhl;L epahakw;wJ> mg;gb NguopT jUk; MAjq;fs; <uhf;fplk; ,y;iy vd;w mwpf;ifiaAk; je;jJ. Mdhy;> <uhf;fpd; kPJ Nghiuj; njhLj;Nj Mf Ntz;Lk; vd;W Vw;fdNt KbT nra;J itj;jpUf;fpd;w mnkhpf;fh> kw;Wk; gphpl;ld; ehLfs; ve;j tpj epahaj;ijAk; Vw;fj; jahuhf ,y;iy. kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; rjhikf; Fw;wf; $z;by; itj;Jg; ghHj;J> mtiuf; nfhy;tNj jq;fsJ ,Wjp ,yf;F vd;Wk;> mtHfs; ehl;il tpl;L XbdhYk; jhq;fs; tpl;L tplg; Nghtjpy;iy vd;Wk; mtHfs; nfhf;fhpj;jhHfs;. ,g;nghOJ ,e;jf; fl;Liuapd; Muk;gj;jpy; mg;gd; G\; $wpa fUj;Jf;fis kPz;Lk; thrpg;gjd; %yk;> mnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; gphpl;ldpd; Nehf;fk; vd;dntd;gJ cq;fSf;Fj; njspthFk;.

mg;gd; G\; $wpdhH :

kj;jpa fpof;fpy; mjpfhuk; vd;gJ Jg;ghf;fpf; FoypUe;J gpwf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; ,dp me;jj; Jg;ghf;fpf; Foy;fs; mtHfSilajhf ,y;yhky; ek;Kilajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

,J kl;Lk; jhdh?

Mf];L 2-90 <uhf; Fitj;ij Mf;fpukpj;j mLj;j rpy kzp Neuq;fspy; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; ghJfhg;Gf; FO $b> jPHkhd vz; 660 I ntspapl;L> cldbahf <uhf; Fitj;ij tpl;L ntspNawr; nrhy;fpd;wJ.

Mf];L 3 : mLj;j ehs; rT+jp> vfpg;J> <uhf;> N[hHlhd;> Vkd; gpujpepjpfs; n[j;jhtpy; $bg; Ngr;RthHj;ij> Ngr;RthHj;ij %yk; gpur;idiaj; jPHj;Jf; nfhs;tjhfTk;> rjhk; cNrd; Fitj;ij tpl;L ntspNawr; rk;kjk; njhptpj;jpUg;gjhfTk; N[hHlhd; kd;dH cNrd; mwptpf;fpd;whH.

Mf];L 3 mug; yPf; <uhf;if fz;bf;fpd;wJ. gpur;idiaj; jPHf;f ntspahH jiyaPL Njitapy;iy vd mwpf;if ntspapLfpd;wJ.

Mf];L 4 mnkhpf;fj; jiyaPL gw;wpf; Nfl;l NghJ> ntspahH jiyaPL Njitapy;iy vd vfpg;J mwptpf;fpd;wJ.

jPHT vd;gJ muhgpa vy;iyf;Fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd Fitj;Jk; mwptpf;fpd;wJ.

<uhf;> Fitj;jpypUe;J jdJ %d;W Kf;fpa gilg;gphpTfis ntspNaw;wpaJ.

Mf];L 6 : ghiytd eltbf;ifiaj; jPHkhdpf;fpd;whH mg;gd; G\;. ghJfhg;Gr; nrayH bf; \pdp hpahj; tUfpd;whH. rT+jpapy; mnkhpf;fg; gilfs; Eiotjw;F Ntz;LNfhs; tpLf;FkhW rT+jpia tw;GWj;jpg; gzpa itf;fpwhH.

Mf];L 7 rT+jpapy; mnkhpf;fg; gilfs; Ftpaj; njhlq;Fjy;

Mf];L 8 : Fitj; <uhf;fpd; 19 tJ khfhzkhf mwptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Fitj; #iwahlg;gLfpd;wJ.

nrg;lk;gH : rfytpjkhd eltbf;iffs; %ykhf <uhf;if Fitj;ij tpl;L ntspNaw;Wtjw;F If;fpa ehLfs; rig mnkhpf;fhTf;F mDkjp mspf;fpwJ.

nrg;lk;gH 17-90 : fLikahd tpkhdj; jhf;Fjy; %ykhf ghf;jhj; efuj;ij mopj;J> mjd; %yk; rjhikAk; mtuJ FLk;gj;jhiuAk; xopj;Jf; fl;LtJ vd;w mnkhpf;f mjpghpd; jpl;lj;ij ntspapl;likf;fhf> mnkhpf;f tpkhdg; gilj;jsgjp ikf;Nfy; Jf;fhd; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gLfpwhH.

Fitj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jpUg;gJk;> mjid tpl;L ntspNawpj;jhd; Mf Ntz;Lnkd;gJ vdf;Fj; njhpAk; vdr; rjhk; $wpa nra;jpia gphpkhNfht; gpd;dH (15> 91) cyfpw;F mwptpf;fpd;whH.

[dthp 15-91 gpnuQ;R - my;[Phpa rkhjhd Kaw;rpfs; ntw;wp ngWtjw;F tha;g;gpUg;gjhy; NkYk; rpy ehl;fs; fhyf; nfLit ePl;bf;FkhW vfpg;J mjpgH Kghuf; mg;gd; G\;i\f; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpwhH. mg;gd; G\; vfpg;jpd; Nfhhpf;ifia kWj;jNjhL> <uhf;fpd; kPJ jhf;Fjiyj; njhlq;Ffpd;whH.

[dthp 16-91 : <uhf;fpd; kPJ fLikahd tpkhdj; jhf;Fjy;fs; Muk;gkhfpd;wJ.

[dthp 23: mnkhpf;fhtpw;Fk; ,ju ghJfhg;Gf; FO cWg;gpdHfSf;Fk; rkhjhd jpl;lnkhd;iw> jhd; nfhLj;Js;sjhfTk;> fpl;lj;jl;l vy;yh mkrq;fspYk; fUj;njhUkpg;G cs;sJ vdTk;> ,e;j mbg;gilapy; mnkhpf;fhtpw;Fk; <uhf;fpw;Fk; jhd; nrd;W tu tpUk;GtjhfTk; my;[Phpa mjpgH rhy;b ngd;Ibl; mwptpf;fpwhH. mnkhpf;fh ,e;jj; jpl;lj;ij cjwpj; js;SfpwJ.

gpg;uthp 6 :If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nghJr; nrayhsH ngu];b nfha;ahH rjhKld; elj;jpa Ngr;RthHj;ijf; Fwpg;Gfis cyfpw;F mwptpf;fr; nrhy;fpd;wJ <uhf;. Ngr;RthHj;ijf; Fwpg;Gfspy; rkhjhdj;jpw;Fj; jahuhf ,Ue;jJ ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. ntspNaw KbahjJ vd;w vd; KbT khw;w Kbahjjy;y. cq;fs; rkhjhd Kaw;rpfs; njhlul;Lk;. mikjpf;fhf ehd; vijAk; jpahfk; nra;Ntd; vd;whH rjhk;. rkhjhdg; Ngr;RthHj;ij Njhy;tp vdr; nrhy;yp mnkhpf;fhtpd; ifg;ghitahf khWfpd;whH I.eh. nghJr; nrayhsH ngu];b nfha;ahH.

,t;thW elj;jg;gLk; Ngr;RthHj;ijf; Fwpg;Gfis ntspapLtJ NghHj; jtpHg;Gf;F cfe;jJ vdpDk;> Kd;dNkNa jPHkhdpj;J tpl;l xU jpl;lj;Jf;F fhuzj;ijf; fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;ba mtrpaNk mnkhpf;fhtpw;F Njitapy;yhjnjhd;whf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd; Nghhpd; NghJ Cjhz;l jhd; ma;A+g; fhDlDk; yhy; gfJ}H rh];jphpAldk; elj;jpa fbjg; Nghf;Ftuj;ij ntspapl;lJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

gpg;uthp 15 : fpl;lj;jl;l 660 tJ jPHkhd epge;jidfSf;Nfw;g> jhd; ntspNawj; jahH vd;fpw <uhf;fpd; mwptpg;G mg;gd; G\;\hy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;L jhf;Fjy; njhlHfpd;wJ.

gpg;uthp 20-91 : fhHg;gNrtpd; rkhjhd Kaw;rpfs; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jd. jhf;Fjy;fs; njhlHe;jd.

Mf> rjhk; rkhjhd cld;gbf;iffSf;fhf jahuhf ,Ue;Jk;> mnkhpf;fhtpd; Kd;dNu jpl;lkplg;gl;l rjpapd; Nehf;fk; <uhf; kPJ muq;Nfw;wg;gl;lJ. mjw;F <uhf;fpd; muhgpa rNfhjuHfs; mg;gd; G\;\pw;F xj;Jiog;G toq;fpdhHfs;.

mnkhpf;fhtpd; ,ul;il Ntlk;

[{iy 25-90 y; mnkhpf;fj; J}jUldhd re;jpg;Gj; jhd; <uhf; Fitj;ij Mf;fpukpg;gjw;fhd cj;Ntfj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. mnkhpf;fj; J}jH fpsh];gpAld; rjhk; elj;jpa ,e;jg; Ngr;RthHj;ij Kf;fpakhdJ. Fitj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jhy; mjpy; mnkhpf;fh jiyaplhJ vd;fpw ijhpaj;ij ,e;j ciuahly; rjhKf;F mspj;jJ. kiwKf MjuT vd;gjhfNt ,e;j ciuahly; fUjg;gl;lJ. NghUf;Ff; nfL tpjpj;j gpd;G <uhf; jug;gpy; ,e;jg; Ngr;Rf; Fwpg;Gfs; ntspaplg;gl;ld. mnkhpf;fj; jug;gpypUe;J kWg;gpy;iy. ePz;lehs; tpLg;Gg; Nghl;L tpl;L <uhf;if tpl;L ntspNaWkhW fpsh];gpf;F mnkhpf;f muR cj;jutpl;lJ. Ngl;b mspf;ff; $lhnjdTk; mtH cj;jutpl;lhH. nrd;w khHr; 10 Mk; Njjpad;W mnkhpf;f nrdl;bd; ntspAwTf; FO <uhf;fpd; Mf;fpukpg;gpw;F mnkhpf;fh xg;Gjy; mspj;jJ vd;w Fw;wr;rhl;bw;fhf fpsh];gpia tprhhpj;jJ. fpsh];gp kWj;jhH. mnkhpf;f muNrh ,y;iy fpsh];gpNah <uhf;fpd; Fw;wr; rhl;il kWf;f ,aytpy;iy. tprhuizf; FOj;jiytH fypNghHd; : cq;fs; re;jpg;Gj; jhd; <uhf;fpd; Mf;fpukpg;gpw;Ff; fhuzk; vdr; nrhy;tJ mgj;jk;. Mdhy; mnkhpf;fh gy Mz;LfshfNt ,j;jifa jtwhf rkpf;iQfisr; rjhk; cNrDf;F toq;fpj; jhd; te;jpUf;fpwJ.

,d;Dk; NtW fhuzq;fs; cs;sdth? Mk;!

mnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; u\;ahTldhd gdpg;NghUf;Fg; gpd; u\;ah tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. u\;ag; nghUshjhuKk; tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. ,e;j epiyapy; VWKfkhf ,Uf;Fnkd vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l mnkhpf;f kw;Wk; gphpl;ldpd; Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhuk; ,wq;FKfkhf khwp tpl;lJ. NkYk; Gjpa Gjpa tpQ;Qhd cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;fpilNaahd Nghl;bapy; ,e;j ehLfis tpl [g;ghd; NkNyhq;fpaJ> [g;ghdpd; nghUshjhuk; VWKfkhfr; nrd;W nfhz;bUf;f mnkhpf;f kw;Wk; gphpl;b\; nghUshjhuk; tPor;rpiar; re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. mnkhpf;f muRj;Jiwg; gq;Ffis thq;Fjy;> mirahr; nrhj;Jf;fis thq;Fjy;> kw;Wk; mnkhpf;fhtpd; Fwpg;ghf vyf;l;uhdpf; Jiwapy; ngUksTg; gq;Ffs; [g;ghdpaUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhapd. 1983 y; vyf;;l;uhdpf; fUtpj; Jiwapy; mnkhpf;fg;gq;fpy; 40 rjk; [g;ghdplk; ,Ue;jJ. 1989 y; ,J mnkhpf;fg; gq;Ff;Fr; rkkhf caHe;J tpl;lJ.

nghUshjhu mjpfhug; Nghl;b vd;gJ Nghhpd; ,d;ndhU tbtk; jhd;. uhZtj; njhopy; El;gq;fspYk; [g;ghd; Kd;Ndwj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ. 1988 y; 22 Kf;fpa NghHj; njhopy; El;gq;fspy; ,uz;by; u\;ahTk;> Mwpy; [g;ghDk; Kd;dzapy; ,Ue;jjhf NghH mwptpay; Ma;Tf; fofk; kjpg;gPL nra;Js;sJ. 1990 y; 12 njhopy; El;gq;fspy; [g;ghd; Kd;dzpapy; ,Ue;jjhff; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mnkhpf;f kf;fs; njhlHGr; rhjdq;fs;> fy;tpj;Jiw epWtdq;fs;> nfhs;if cUthf;Fk; eilKiwfs; Mfpatw;wpYk; [g;ghdpd; gq;F mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. Nghl;bapy; re;ijfis ,og;gJ cs;ehl;by; Ntiy tha;g;G ,y;yhikia mjpfhpg;gNjhL ,ize;jJ vd;gij kwe;J tplyhfhJ.

n[HkdpAk; ,Nj Nghy nghUshjhu Mjpf;fj;ijAk; re;ijiaAk; cyf mstpy; tphpTgLj;jp tUfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpd; tpisthf mnkhpf;f jtpu ,ju Vida Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fSk; Fwpg;ghf gphpl;ld; nghpa mstpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

hPfd; - jhl;rH Ml;rp ehl;fspd; NghJ NghHj; jsthl cw;gj;jpapd; %ykhd ,g;nghUshjhug; gpd;dilT XusT rhp nra;ag;gl;ld. ,jpy; Fwpg;ghf Nkw;F Mrpah> kj;jpa fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; jsthl tpw;gid vd;gJ nghpa mspty; Nkiy Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fSf;Fk; u\;ahtpw;Fk; if nfhLj;jJ. 1987 y; cyfr; re;ijapy; tpw;gidahd NghHj; jsthlq;fspy; ghjpf;FNky; <uhDk; <uhf;Fk; jhd; thq;fpd. fle;j 15 Mz;Lfspy; mNugpah 200 gpy;ypad; lhyHfs; msTf;F NghHj; jsthlq;fis thq;fpf; Ftpj;Js;sJ. 1986 y; nlhuhz;Nlh rz;il tpkhdq;fs; thq;Ftjw;fhfg; gphpl;lDld; rT+jp xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;lJ> ,jd;gb gPg;gha; xd;Wf;F 17 lhyUf;F gphpl;lDf;F rT+jp ngl;Nuhy; rg;is nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

<uhd; <uhf; NghH kw;Wk; u\pa mnkhpf;fg; gdpg;Nghhpd; gpd; cyf MAj cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fspd; nfhs;tdT Fiwe;Js;sJ. fk;A+dp] mghaj;ijf; fhl;b MAjk; tpw;wJk;> <uhd; <uhf; Nghiuf; fhl;b MAjk; tpw;wJk; KbTf;F te;jJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf Vfhjpgj;jpa ehLfspd; NghHj;jsthl cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk; Mfpait gpd;dilitr; re;jpj;jd. ,d;Dk; cyfr; re;ijapy; [g;ghd;> n[Hkdp Mfpa ehLfsplk; Vw;gl;l Nghl;bapy; Njhy;tpiar; re;jpj;j ,e;j ehLfspd; nghUshjhuk; mjs ghjsj;ij Nehf;fpg; Ngha;f; nfhz;bUe;jJ. me;j tPor;rpapypUe;J vd;d jfpLjj;jk;  nra;Jk; ,e;j ehLfspdhy; kPz;L ntspNa tu ,aytpy;iy.

Nel;Nlh ehLfspd; Njhw;wk;> yj;jPd; mnkhpf;ff; FbauRfs; Mfpatw;wpYk; mnkhpf;f Nkyhjpf;fk; Fiwaj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ. tPo;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;w nghUshjuk;> rhpe;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;w nry;thf;F Mfpatw;iwr; rhpf; fl;lTk;> jq;fsJ MAjq;fspd; jpwd;fis ntspg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk; ey;ynjhU tha;g;G> muG tisFlhtpy; muGr; rNfhjuHfSf;F kj;jpapy; Vw;gl;l gpur;id %yk; fpilj;jJ. fpilj;jJ vd;gij tpl mjw;fhd re;jHg;gj;ij mnkhpf;fh cUthf;fpf; nfhz;lJ vd;gijj; jhd; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F <uhf;-Fitj;  Mf;fpukpg;G ey;ynjhU gpbahff; fpilj;jJ ,e;j Vfhjpgj;jpa rf;jpfSf;F!

,g;nghOJ ,tHfs; mjw;fhd tha;g;ig jq;fsJ csT mikg;Gfs; %yk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L fsj;jpy; ,wq;f Muk;gpj;jhHfs;. MAjq;fs; tpw;gid #L gpbf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ> cw;gj;jp ngUfpaJ> rhpe;j nghUshjhuj;ij kPl;f Kbe;jJ. murpay; hPjpahf jq;fis vjpHf;f Kaw;rp nra;J nfhz;bUe;j %d;whk; cyf ehLfSf;F ,jd; %yk; xU vr;rhpf;ifiaAk; nfhLf;f Kbe;jJ. vq;fisg; gifj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> ePq;fs; tho KbahJ vd;w rkpf;iQAk; ,jpy; mlf;fk;.

NghHr; nryT vd;w ngahpy; 55 gpy;ypad; lhyH tiu ,ju ehLfsplkpUe;J nryTg; gfpHT xg;Gjy; ngwg;gl;lJ. 300 gpy;ypad; lhyH tiu nryTj; jpl;lg; gw;whf;Fiwf;F fhq;fpurpd; mDkjp fpilj;jJ. Fitj;jpd; cldb epHkhzj;jpw;fhd 100 gpy;ypad; lhyH epjp xJf;fPl;by; 70 rj gq;Ffs; mnkhpf;fhtpw;Ff; fpilj;jd. vhpe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; vz;nza; tay;fis mizf;f 15 kpy;ypad; lhyH xg;ge;jk;> ngl;Nuhy; njhopiy kW epHkhzk; nra;tjw;F ngf;ly; FOkj;jpw;F 150 kpy;ypad; lhyH xg;ge;jk;> nkhj;jj;jpy; 200 gpy;ypad; lhyH xg;ge;jq;fs; mnkhpf;fhtpw;Ff; fpilj;jd. NghH KbTf;F tUtjw;F Kd;djhfNt Fitj; mkPhplkpUe;J ,e;j xg;ge;jq;fSf;fhd ifnahg;gk; ngwg;gl;L tpl;ld.

jsthlf; fk;ngdpfs;> MAj cw;gj;jpf; fk;ngdpfspd; gq;Ffs; ,g;nghOJ Vwj; njhlq;fpd. Ngl;hpahl; VTfiziaj; jahhpf;Fk; Nujpad; epWtdk;> v/g;  15 tpkhdq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; vk;.rp.nlhdhy;L lf;y]; epWtdk; Mfpatw;wpd; gq;F kjpg;Gfs; mjpfhpj;jd. [g;ghdpa nad;idf; fhl;bYk; lhyhpd; kjpg;G ,g;nghOJ $lj; njhlq;fpaJ. Mf> tisFlhg; NghUf;F vz;nza;Na ,Wjp ,yf;F vd;gijf; fhl;bYk;> murpay;  nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfNs mjpf mstpy; NjitAilaitahf ,Ue;jd vd;gJk;> mnkhpf;f Nkyhz;ikia tisFlhg; gFjpapy; ,Wf;fkilar; nra;jtjw;Fk; mJ top tFj;jJ.

Fitj;jpd; tpLjiyf;fhfNt njhLf;fg;gl;l ,e;jg; Nghhpy;> Nghhpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; mg;ghtp kf;fsJ rpukq;fs;> Jd;gq;fs;> ,og;Gfs;> capH ,og;Gfs; gw;wp ,e;j NkiyehLfs; ftiyg;glNt ,y;iy. kf;fspd; capH,og;Gfs; Fwpj;Njh my;yJ rpije;J Nghd tho;f;if Fwpj;Njh ,tHfs; ftiyg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; rjhk; vz;nza;iaf; flypy; nfhl;b> mjd; %yk; ,we;j gwit ,dj;jpw;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpsk;guk; ,d;wsTk; <uhf;fpy; nrj;J kbe;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;w gpQ;Rf; Foe;ijfspd; nfh^uk; njhiyf;fhl;rpfspy; fhl;lg;gLtjpy;iy.

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