rpwg;Gf; fl;Liu

xsuq;fN[g; nrUg;ig tzq;fr; nrhd;dhuh? (Follow up)

(tuyhiwf; fhf;f ekJ Nghuhl;lk;)

tuyhWfis ntbFz;Lfshff; $lg; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;ghHfs; tuyhw;W ty;YeHf;s. tuyhiwj; jphpj;Jf; $wpj;jhd; K];ypk;fisg; gaq;futhjpfshfTk;> jPtputhjpfshfTk; rpj;jhpj;J tUfpd;whhfs;. ,g;gb xU jphpG xsuq;fN[g; ngauhy; Gidag;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jid ekJ tpbay; [dthp 03 ,jopy; ntspapl;Nlhk;. mjw;F kJiu fhkuh[H gy;fiyf;fof njhiyepiyf; fy;tp ,af;f tuyhw;Wj; Jiwg; NguhrphpaH lhf;lH N[. jpahfuh[d; mtHfs; gjpy; je;jhH. ,jidAk; ehk; tpbay; gpug;thp 03 ,jopy; ntspapl;Nlhk;. ,jw;F Kd; mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fof tuyhw;Wg; ghl E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;w jtW xd;iw ekJ ,];yhkpa tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpf; fofj;jpd; (ICHR) Kd;Ndhb mikg;ghd cz;ikahd ePjpNghjid thhpaj;jpd; (TMEP) topahf tpbay; Nk 2002 ,jopy; Rl;bf;fhl;bNdhk;.

mjw;F> nghWg;Gkpf;f NguhrphpaH J. nry;tuhR mtHfs; (r%ftpay; Jiw) fz;zpakhf jtiw xj;Jf; nfhz;L> ,dp mJNghy; jtW elf;fhJ vd cWjpAk; $wpdhH.

NkYk; jtwhd jfty;fis mg;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpypUe;J ePf;f Mtd nra;tjhfTk; cWjpaspj;jhH. me;jg; gjpiyAk; tpbay; [{d; 2002 ,jopy; ,lk; ngwr; nra;jpUe;Njhk;. K];ypk;fs; gyH ehk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;,e;j Kaw;rpfisg; ghuhl;bf; fbjKk; vOjp ,Ue;jhHfs;. rpyH mtHfs; fz;l ePz;l ehs; fdTfis ehk; nraypy; nfhz;L te;jjhfTk; rpyhfpj;J vOjpapUe;jhHfs;.

tuyhw;Wj; jphpGfSf;nfjpuhf ehk; Mzpj;jukhf Mjhuq;fisj; je;J mwpTg; NghH xd;iw elj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;Nwhk;. ,JTk; ,q;Nf vspjhd nrayy;y.

Mkhk;! ekJ csTj;Jiw (HQR) Nfhg;G xd;iw vLj;Jf; nfhz;L ICHR nrd;id nghWg;ghsH md;Gr; rNfhjuH mg;Jy; t`;`hg; ,y;yk; nrd;wpUf;fpd;whH. tuyhw;wpy; cq;fSf;nfd;d Iak;? vd tprhuiziaj; njhlq;fp ,Uf;fpd;whH. rw;W rl;iliag; Nghl;L tpl;L tUfpd;wPHfsh? vd VNjh ICHR nghWg;ghsh Fw;wk; nra;J tpl;ltiug; Nghy; mioj;jpUf;fpd;whH.

tuyhw;W Ma;T khztdhd mg;Jy; t`;`hg; rw;W gjwpg; Ngha;> ICHR d; mYtyfkhd tpbay; mYtyfk; te;J NgRq;fs; vdr; nrhy;yp ,Uf;fpd;whH. gpd;dH mYtyfk; te;J NgrpapUf;fpd;whH.

thrfHfspd; ghuhl;Lf;fSf;Fg; gpd;dhy;> ekJ Kaw;rpfSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ,g;gb fHz nfh^ukhd NghyP]; tprhuiz xd;W ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;gijf; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ekJ jkpof fhty;Jiw epahakhf ew;gzpahw;wpLk; fhty;Jiwjhd;. ,jid ehk; tpbaypy; gyKiw ghuhl;b ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. Mdhy; mjpYk; kj;jpa cs;Jiwapd; jiyaPL ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;gjidNa ,J fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,tHfs; tuyhw;iwj; jphpj;Jf; $WthHfs;. cz;ikia Mjhuj;NjhL nrhd;dhy; nfLgpbfis Vtp tpLthHfs;.

,g;gb mjpfhu gyj;ijf; nfhz;L ngha;iag; gug;gp K];ypk;fisf; Fw;wthspfshff; fhl;bl Kaw;rp nra;fpd;whHfs;. kj;jpa cs;Jiwapd; ce;Jjyhy; tUk; ,e;j mjpfhu kpul;liy fz;zpakhd Kiwapy; vjpHnfhz;L ,d;\h my;yh`; ekJ gzpiaj; njhlHNthk; vd cWjpaspf;fpd;Nwhk;. nrd;w ,jopy; $wpapUe;jgb tuyhw;wha;thsH nr.jpthd; mtHfspd; fl;Liuia ,q;Nf ntspapLfpd;Nwhk;. - MrphpaH.

gy;fiyf;fofj;jpypUe;J te;j gjpy;!

jq;fs; gjpypy; jpUg;jpapy;iy vd;W NguhrphpaH lhf;lH N[. jpahfuh[d; mtHfSf;F ,];yhkpa tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpf; fofk; (ICHR) fbjk; vOjpapUe;jJ. mjw;F kJiu fhkuh[H gy;fiyf;fof tuyhw;Wg; NguhrphpaH lhf;lH guhkhHj;jypq;fk; mtHfsplkpUe;J gjpy; te;Js;sJ. me;jg; gjpiyf; fPNo jUfpd;Nwhk; :

mDg;GdH

lhf;lH. gukhHj;jypq;fk; M.A. Ph.D.

tuyhw;W NguhrphpaH

njhiyj; njhlHG fy;tp ,af;ffk;

kJiu fhkuh[H gy;fiyf;fofk;> kJiu-625021.

md;GilaPH!

thopa eyk;. jq;fs; ,jo; fpilf;fg; ngw;Nwhk;. jhq;fs; mjpy; ,d;Dk; jpUg;jpailatpy;iy vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sPHfs;. Vw;fdNt ehq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;lgb> mOj;jkhd rhd;Wfs; mbg;gilapy; ghlq;fs; vOJfpd;Nwhk;. ahiuAk; jpUg;jpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W vOjtpy;iy. ePq;fs; tpUk;gpdhy; NkYk; njspT ngw ,q;F tuyhk;. khwhf> kw;wtHfSf;nfy;yhk; gjpy; nrhy;y Ntz;ba mtrpak; vq;fSf;fpy;iy.

,tz;>

(x-k;) v];.gukhHj;jypq;fk;.

(,];yhkpa tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpf; fofk; (ICHR) FO xd;W ,d;\h my;yh`; tpiutpy; ,tHfisr; re;jpf;fTs;sJ).

- MrphpaH.

Nghuhrphpahplk; gjpy; ,y;iy!

tuyhw;W Ma;thsH nr. jpthd;

tpbay; [dthp ,jopy; xsuq;fN[g; Fwpj;J ntspte;j tptuq;fs; vjidAk; NghuhrphpaH N[.jpahfuh[d; mtHfs; kWf;ftpy;iy. mj;NjhL ,d;d ,d;d fhuzq;fspy; ,J jtW vd;W Rl;bf; fhl;blTk; ,y;iy. vdNt me;j tp\aq;fSf;Fs; nry;y Ntz;baJ mtrpakw;wjhfpwJ.

Mdhy; NguhrphpaH mtHfs;> tuhW vOJk; NghJ rhd;Wfisr; Nrfhpj;J mjd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; fle;j fhy kdpj rKjha tuyhw;iw vOJfpd;wdH. 26 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G mDgtkpf;f NguhrphpaHfshy; ,it vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. NguhrphpaH K.A.ePyfz;l rh];jphp> NguhrphpaH K.K.gps;is> NguhrphpaH F.,uh[a;ad;> NguhrphpaH N.Rg;gpukzpad; Nghd;wtHfs; kpfTk; jpwk;gb jkpof rKjhag; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;iw vOjp cs;sdH. fle;j 26 Mz;Lfshf KJfiy tuyhW gbj;j gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd khztHfs; ,e;jg; ghlk; rk;ge;jkhf Nfs;tpfisak; ve;j khWgl;l fUj;Jf;fisAk; njhptpf;ftpy;iy vd;W gjpy; je;Js;shH.

gjpypd; ,e;j thpfNs ngha;ahdJ. cz;ikf;F khwhdJ. tuyhw;wpYk; mjpYk; NguhrphpaH Fwpg;gpLk; jkpo;r; rKjhag; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;wpy; jhd; vj;jid vj;jid Ma;Tfs;! vj;jid vj;jid Gjpa nra;jpfs;! vj;jid vj;jid rhpj;jpu jpUj;jq;fs;! rhpj;jpu khWjy;fs;!

xU ghidr; Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk; vd;gJ Nghy> xNu xU nra;jpapid kl;Lk; ,q;Nf tpthpf;ff; flikg;gl;Ls;Nsd;.

ghz;baH tuyhW

1989 y; Fk;gNfhzk; ehNf];tud; tlf;F tPjpapy; ,aq;fp te;j ,uhkd; md;l; ,uhkd; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll; vd;w NgUe;J fk;ngdp ,af;FeUk;> jkpoff; fy;ntl;L Ma;thsUkhd jpU.vd;. NrJuhk; mthfs; ghz;baH tuyhW vDk; E}ypid (nghpa ir];) 252 gf;fq;fspy; ntspapl;Ls;shH. me;j E}ypd; Kd;Diuapy; $WthH :

,Jtiu ntspte;Js;s rhpj;jpu E}y;fisg; Gul;bg; ghHj;Njd;. xt;nthU E}Yk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W Kuz;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; mbg;gilf; fhuzk; vd;d? fhy Muha;r;rpapy; VNjh xd;W epiwT ngwhky; ,Ug;gijf; fz;Nld;.

,jidf; $wptpl;L> me;j E}ypy; gy ghz;ba kd;dHfspd; fhyk; Vw;fdNt nrhy;yg;gl;L tUfpd;w fhyj;jpw;f khWgl;Ls;sJ vd;gij tpsf;FfpwhH.

mtH vOjpa The Imperial Pandyas (1978), Medieval Pandyas (1981) Mfpa E}y;fspYk; ,jidf; $Wfpd;whH.

mfpy ,e;jpa fy;ntl;L Ma;T khehL (The Epigraphical Society of India) ,e;jpahntq;Fk; Kf;fpakhd efuq;fspy; eilngWk;. ,jd; tUlhe;jpuf; $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhz;L gy;NtW Ma;Tf; fl;Liufisr; rkHg;gpj;Js;shH.

mjd; %yk; ghz;baH tuyhw;wpy; gy Gjpa nra;jpfisr; nrhy;ypAs;shH. jdJ E}ypy; Kbtw;w KbTiu vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; mtH $WthH : ,k;khjphpahd Ma;TfSf;F KbNt fpilahJ. vg;NghJk; ahuhtJ njhlHe;J Ma;T nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fyhk;. Gjpa nra;jpfisAk; nfhz;L tuyhk;.

Fle;ij vd;. NrJuhkd; mtHfspd; $w;W vt;tsT rhpahdj vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W xd;iw ,q;Nf Rl;bf; fhl;bl flikg;gl;Ls;Nsd;. jdJ ghz;baH tuyhW (fp.gp. 550-1371) E}ypd; Kd;Diuapy; mtH Fwpg;gpLfpwhH :

ePyfz;l rh];jphpahH 1929 y; ghz;baH tuyhw;iw Kjd; Kjypy; vOjpdhH. 1941 y; jkpopy; rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhH vOjpdhHfs;. RkhH 50>60 Mz;Lfshff; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s rhrd mwpf;iffspd; Jiz nfhz;L ghz;baH tuyhw;iw kW ghprPyid nra;jpUf;fyhk;. VNdh ,jid vtUk; nra;atpy;iy.

,jidr; nrhy;yp tpl;L> ghz;bah tuyhw;wpy; khw;wg;gl Ntz;ba rhpj;jpur; nra;jpfspd; gf;fk; nrd;W tpLthH. ,q;F mjw;Fs; ehk; nrd;why; tphpAnkd mQ;rp epWj;jpf; nfhs;fpNwd;. Mdhy;>

vg;nghUs; ahH ahH tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs; nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gjwpT (Fws; 423)

vg;nghUs; vj;jd;ikj;J MapDk; mg;nghUs; nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT (Fws; 355)

vd;w mbg;gilapy;> ghz;baH tuyhW Fwpj;J Kjd; Kjypy; te;j E}y; gw;wp> Fle;ij vd;. NrJuhkd; mtHfs; capNuhL ,Ue;jNghNj fPo;f;fz;l cz;ikapid tpsf;fp ,tUf;Ff; fbjk; vOjpNdd;.

ghz;baH tuyhW : Kjy; E}y; vJ?

jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; mk;gh rKj;jpuj;jpy; mike;Js;s jPHj;jgjp i`];$ypy; jiyikj; jkpo;g; gz;bjuhapUe;j mhpfuikaH mtHfs; 1926y; ghz;bauh[ tk;r rhpj;jpuk; Kjw;gFjp> ,uz;lhk; gFjp> %d;whk; gFjp vd;W %d;W gFjpfshf jyh 10 mzh tpiyapy; mg;NghJ 251 gf;fq;fspy; ntspapl;Ls;shH.

,g;NghJk; jpUney;Ntyp k.jp.jh.,e;Jf; fy;Y}hp (E}w;whz;ilf; fle;j gok; ngUk; fy;Y}hp) E}yfj;jpy; fhzyhk;. mNj MrphpaH 1926 y; vk;kz;lyKq; nfhz;l FyNrfu ghz;bad; my;yJ je;jhg`uzk; vd;Wk; 99 gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l E}ypid mk;ghrKj;jpuk; mf];jpaH gpu];]py; mr;rpl;L 12 mzh tpiyapy; ntspapl;Ls;shH.

1926 y; ntspte;j ghz;bauh[ tk;r rhpj;jpuk; E}Yf;F NguhrphpaH Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphpahH mg;nghJ mzpe;JiuAk; vOjpAs;shH vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mjw;Fk; Ke;ija Mz;Lfspy; ghz;baH tuyhW  Fwpj;J NtW E}y;fs; ntspte;j jfty; cyfpw;Fj;  njhpAk; tiu MH.mhpfuikahpd; E}iyNa Kjy; E}yhfj; jw;NghJ nfhs;s KbAk;.

Mf> ghz;baH tuyhw;wpy; nghpa jpUj;jq;fisAk;> khw;wq;fisAk; vLj;Jf; $wpa Fle;ij vd;.NrJuhkd; mtHfs; $l> ghz;baH tuyhW Fwpj;J Kjypy; te;j E}y; vd;gjid mwptpg;gjpy; jtwpioj;Js;shH vd;gjidr; Rl;bf; fhl;bl flikg;gl;Ls;Nsd;.

Mf> ve;jf; fUj;ijAk;> vj;jidg; nghpatH nrhd;dhy; mjid jpUts;Sthpd; topapy; nka;g; nghUs; fhz;gJ Ma;thshpd; flikahFk;.

ghz;bahpd; ahidf; nfhb

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; ntspte;J gy Mz;Lfs; Mfpd;wd. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis Muha;e;J mf;fhyj;J murH> rpw;wurH KjypatHfspd; rhpj;jpuq;fSk; vOjg;gl;bf;fpd;wd. rq;f fhyj;Jg; ghz;baiug; gw;wpa rhpj;jpuq;fs; jkpopYk; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.

rq;f fhyj;Jg; ghz;bahfspy; ,Jtiuapy; mwpag;glhj Gjpa ghz;bad; xUtd; ,g;NghJ fpilj;jpUf;fpd;whd;. rhpj;jpuf;fhuHfSk;> Muha;r;rpahsHfSk;> GytHfSk; ,Jtiuapy; mwpahj xU ghz;baiug; gw;wpa mhpa Gjpa nra;jpfs; ,g;NghJ vdJ Muha;;r;rpapy; fpilj;Js;sd vd;W kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp> jhd; vOjpa ghz;baH tuyhw;wpy; XH mhpa Gjpa nra;jp (New Light On a Pandya King of the Sangam Age) gRk;G+z; ghz;bad; xU GJ ghz;ba kd;dd; vd;w fl;Liuapy;> rq;f fhyj;jpy; %Nte;jH (Nru> Nrho> ghz;baH) nfhbapy; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;j rpd;dq;fs; gw;wpa Ma;itj; je;Js;shH.

Nrhod; nfhbapy; Gypr; rpd;dk;> Nrud; nfhbapy; tpy; rpd;dk;> ghz;bad; nfhbapy; kPd; rpd;dk; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ top top kughFk;. Mdhy; rq;f fhyj;jpy gRk;G+z; ghz;bad; (fp.gp.125-150) nfhbapy; ahid rpd;dk; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

Vwj;jho 3000 mbfisf; nfhz;l rq;fr; nra;Al;fspy; xNu xU ghlypy; xNu xU thpapy; mfehD}w;wpy;> 162 k; nra;Aspy; guzH ,f;Fwpg;igj; jUfpwhH : gRk;G+z; ghz;bad; fspwzp nty;nfhb.

(fspW - Mz;  ahid: mzp - mzpag;gl;l> vOjg;gl;l: nty; nfhb - ntw;wpf; nfhb> mjhtJ ahidapd; cUtk; vOjg;gl;l nfhb)

,J> ,Jtiuapy; ve;j Muha;r;rpf;fhuUk; fz;lwpahj Gjpa nra;jp. ,jid ,y;iynad;W NguhrphpaH kWg;ghuh? my;yJ mtH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s gpugy jkpof rhpj;jpu MrphpaHfs; jj;jk; E}y;fspy; mJ Fwpj;Jf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy vd;ghuh?

,dp NguhrphpaH mthfs; Fwpg;gpLk; rhpj;jpu MrphpaHfsJ fUj;jpid xd;wpuz;L kl;Lk; ,q;F ghHg;Nghk;.

Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphp

jkpo;ehl;by; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s fy;ypilf;Fwpr;rpapy; 1892 Mf];L 12 y; njYq;F epNahfp gpuhkzH tFg;gpy; gpwe;jtH Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphp. 1975 [{d; khjk; 15 k; ehs; ,e;j kz;Zyf; tpl;L kiwe;j Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphp> jpUney;Ntyp ,e;Jf; fy;Y}hp> jpUney;Ntyp ,e;Jf; fy;Y}hp tphpTiuahsuhf (1913-1918)> fhrp ,e;Jg; gy;fiyf; fofg; Nguhrphpauhf (1918-1920)> rpjk;guk; kPdhl;rp fy;Y}hp Kjy;tuhf (jw;Nghija mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;) jpUr;rp Ne\dy; fy;Y}hpapy; tuyhw;Wg; Nguhrphpauhf (1929)> nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gz;ila tuyhW kw;Wk; njhy;ypay; Jiwapy; Nguhrphpauhf (1929-1947)> ik#H gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy ,e;jpatpay; (Indology) Ngurphpauhf (1952-1956)> nrd;idapYs;s njd;fpof;F MrphpaH gz;ghl;L ikaj;jpd; ,af;Feuhfg; (1959-1971) gzpahw;wp tuyhw;Wj; Jiwapy; tuyhW gilj;jtH vd;gjpy; vtUf;Fk; ve;j tpjj;jpYk; re;Njfk; ,Uf;f KbahJ.

khWgLjy;

Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphpahH vOjpa njhz;b (Journal of Greater Indian Society XV, 1945 pp. 52-55) jphpGtdk; rk];fpUj %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; (Sanskrit Indscription of Kulotugna III, Dr.Bhandarkar Volume Calcutta, 1940, pp.3-7) Nghd;w fl;Liufs; kw;w rhpj;jpu MrphpaHfsplkpUe;Jk;gy tpjj;jpy; khWgLfpwJ. mJ Fwpj;J kWg;GfSk; te;Js;sd.

Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphpapd; rhpj;jpuf; fUj;Jf;fis Nf.Nf. gps;is kWj;Js;shH. Fle;ij vd;.NrJuhkd; rHr;irapy; ,wq;fpapUf;fpwhH. kapiy rPdp Ntq;flrhkp khWgl;L kWg;Giu je;Js;shH. ,itfs; fle;j fhy rhpj;jpu cz;ikfshFk;.

NrhoHfs;

jkpofj;ij xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; Mz;ltHfs; fsg;gpuHfs;. ,tHfspd;fhy tuyhw;iwf; fl;likg;gjw;F kpf mbg;gilahd Mtzkhf tpsq;Fk; Nts;tpf;Fr; nrg;NgLfs; 1923 Mz;L gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

1935 Mk; Mz;L Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphpahhpd; Gfo; ngw;w Nrhohfs; E}ypd; Kjy; ghfk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. mjd; ,uz;lhk; ghfk; 1937 y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. njhlHe;J 1955> 1975> 1984 Mk; Mz;ila Mq;fpyg; gjpg;G cs;sJ. mjid epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T]; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;> nr;did kw;Wk; ,e;jpad; fTd;rpy; M/g; `p];lhhpfy; hprHr;> epA+ jpy;ypAk; ,ize;J> 1989 etk;ghpy; jkpohf;fk; nra;J ntspapl;Ls;sd. ,JTk; vd;dplkpUf;fpwJ)

1984 Mk; Mz;ila nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofg; gjpg;G gf;fk; 101y;  fsg;gpuH gw;wpa Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphpahhpd; fUj;J ,Njh :

 “The Velvikudi grant of the Pandyas and some Pallava charters mention the obscure clan of the Kalabhras who were responsible for much political unsettlement in the country, and whose overthrow formed the first step in the resuscitation of the power of the Pandyas and Pallavas towards the end of the sixth century. We may assume that the predatory activities of the Kalabhras”.

Nf.tp.uhkdpd; jkpohf;fk;

 NguhrphpaH Nf.tp. uhkd; ,jidj; jkpohf;fk; nra;ifapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sjhtJ :

ehl;by; gy murpay; khWjy;fSf;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;j njsptw;w xU Fyj;ijr; rhHe;j fsg;gpuHfisg; gw;wpg; ghz;baHfspd; Nts;tpf;Fbg;gl;laKk;> gy;ytHfspd; rpy gl;laq;fSk; $Wfpd;wd. ghz;baHfSk; gy;ytHfSk; jk; Ml;rpia epiyehl;l Ntz;b Mwhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; ,f;Fyj;ij Kwpabj;jik mtHfs; Nkw;nfhz;l Kjy; eltbf;ifahFk;. nfhs;isabf;Fk; eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;l ,f;fsg;gpuHfNs gz;ilr; Nrho kd;dHfspd; tPo;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhapdH.

(fp.gp.1929 y; ePyfz;l rh];jphpahH vOjpa ghz;bag; NguuR (The Pandyan Kingdom) vd;w E}ypYk; gf;fk; 47-49 fspy; ,Nj fUj;ijr; nrhy;ypAs;shH).

njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW

1947 fspy; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW vDk; Mq;fpy E}iy Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphpahH ntspapl;lhH. m e;j E}y; gy gjpg;Gfisf; fz;Ls;sJ. mjid 1973 y; jkpo;ehl;Lg;ghlE}y; epWtdk; K.uh.ngUkhs; KjypahH mtHfisf; nfhz;L jkpohf;fk; nra;J ntspapl;lJ. ,U ghfq;fshf te;j me;j E}ypd; Kjy; gFjpapy; gf;fk; 227 y; fs;ggpuH gw;wp ePyfz;l rh];jphpahH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sjhtJ :

rq;f fhj;jpw;Fg; gpd; jkpof tuyhw;wpy; ,Us; ftpe;jJ. me; ,Us; %d;W E}w;whz;LfSf;F Nky; njhlHe;jpUe;jJ. me;j ePz;l ,utpw;Fg; gpd; fp.gp.Mwhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; jkpof tuyhw;wpy; kPz;Lk; xsp Njhd;wpaJ. fz;izf; frf;fpf; nfhz;L ekJ ghHitia ek;ikr; Rw;wpYk; Xl;Lk; NghJ xU frg;ghd cz;ik ekf;Fg; GydhfpwJ.

fsg;gpuH vd;w xU kf;fl; $l;lj;jpdH jkpofj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp mq;Nf neLq;fhykha; epiyj;jpUe;j murpay; mikg;ig mopj;J tpllhHfs; vd;Wk;> ahnud;Nw njhpahj mtHfs; jkpo;ehl;bd; ehfhPfj;jpw;Fk; gz;ghl;bw;Fk; giftHfsha; ,Ue;jhHfs; vd;Wk; ehk; mwpfpNwhk;.

,J Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphpahhpd; $w;W. mjhtJ fsg;gpuHfis m.khHf]; Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghy :

Obscure - njsptw;w ,Uz;l.

Political Unsettlement - murpaw; rPHFiytpw;F>

Predatory activities - fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdkhd nfhs;isf;fhur; nraw;ghLfs;>

Dark period - ,Uz;l fhyj;jpy;

Intere gunm - xOq;fhd murdpy;yhf; fyhr;rhuk;

Interloper - jiyapLgtH jd; Mjhaq;fUjp gpwH fhhpaq;fspy; jiyapl;L njhy;iy jUgtH.

jkpofj;ij Mz;l fsg;gpuH gw;wp Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphpahH mf;fhyk;> ehfhPf tsHr;rpaw;w ,Uz;l fhyk; vd tHzpj;Js;shH.

irtj; jkpowpQH xsit Jiu rhkpg;gps;isAk;> mwpQH b.gp.rjhrptg; gz;lhuj;jhUk;> K. mUzhr;ryKk; ,jidNa typAWj;jpAs;shH.

NguhrphpaH mtHfs; jdJ fbjj;jpy; ,d;ndhU NguhrphpaH Nf.Nf.gps;is $wpAs;sJ vd;d?

Nf.Nf.gps;is

1905 Vg;uy; 3 y; fd;dpahFkhp fy;Y}hpapy; Nfhyg;g gps;is – ghHtjp mk;khs; kfdhfg; gpw;ejtH fdrigg; gps;is vd;w Nf.Nf.gps;is. 1928 y; njs;spr;Nrhpapy; muR fiyf;fy;Y}hpapy; tphpTiuahsuhfTk;> 1924 y; nrd;id khepyf; fy;Y}hpapd; tuyhw;Wg; NguhrphpauhfTk;> Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jphp nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fof tuyhw;Wg; Nguhrphpauhf ,Ue;J Xa;T ngw;w gpd;dH> 1954 y; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fof tuyhw;Wg; Nguhrphpauhf gzpapy; mkHe;J 1965 y; Xa;T ngw;wtH Nf.Nf.gps;is. 1972 y; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; kughHe;j gz;ghl;Lf; fofj;jpd; ,af;FeuhfTk; gzpahw;wp 1981 y; ,t;Tyf tho;it ePj;jtH.

NguhrphpaH mtHfs; jk; gjpy; klypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s NguhrphpaHfspy; gyH ,tH cUthf;fpa khztHfs; MtH. Nf.MH.mDke;jd;> rp.,.uhkr;re;jpud;> MH.,uhra;ad;> gh.Rg;gpukzpad;> v];.fjpHNtY> F.ek;gp M&uhd;> vd;.n[fjP]d;> mg;JH u`Pk;> rp.ntq;fNlrd;> Nf.Nf.gps;is mtHfspd; topfhl;LjNyhL KidtH gl;lk; ngw;wtHfs;.

Nf.Nf. gps;is fsg;gpuHfs; gw;wp vd;d nrhy;fpwhH ..

Nf.Nf.gps;is mtHfspd; gjpy; :

jkpo;ehl;Lg; ghlE}y; epWtdj;jhhpd; Vw;ghl;by; 1927 y; Nf.Nf. vOjpntspapl;l E}y; jkpof tuyhW - kf;fSk; gz;ghLk;. ,J gy gjpg;Gfisj; njhlHe;J fz;L tUfpwJ. ,e;j E}ypy; 9 tJ jiyg;ghf fs;ggpuHfs; gw;wp vOjpAs;shH.

fp.gp.3 k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; njhz;il kz;lyj;jpy; kpfg; nghpanjhU murpay; Fog;gk; Vw;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ Ntq;lj;ijr; rhHe;J tho;e;J te;j fsg;gpuHfs; jpBnud;W FbngaHe;J njw;F Nehf;fpg; gha;e;J gy;ytiuAk;> NrhoiuAk;> ghz;baiuAk; xLf;fpj; jkpofj;jpy; fyfKk; nfhs;isAk; tpistpj;jdH. ...jkpofk; KOtjpYk; ,tHfs; gutpdhHfs;. njhz;il kz;lyk;> Nrho kz;lyk;> ghz;b ehL Mfpatw;Ws; xd;NwDk; ,tHfSila nfhLikfspdpd;Wk; jg;gptpy;iy. jkpofj;Jf;F ,tHfshy; Vw;gl;l FOg;gKk; ,og;Gk; mwtpwe;jd. ,tHfs; nfhLq;NfhyHfs;> fypaurHfs;.. vd;W Nf.Nf.gps;isAk;> fsg;gpuHfs; gw;wp Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphpapd; fUj;Jf;fisNa $wpdhH.

Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphp - Nf.Nf.gps;is fUj;J Nkhjy;

jkpofj;jpy; KUf topghL Mhpahpd; tUiff;Fg; gpd;dH njhlq;fpapUf;ff; $Lk; vdTk;> mj;jifa njhlf;fj;ij mtHfs; tlnkhop E}y;fspd; Jiz nfhz;L Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphp typAWj;JfpwhH.

Mdhy; Nf.Nf. gps;isNah mjid td;ikahf kWf;fpwhH. GwehD}W> gl;bdg;ghiy> kJiuf; fhQ;rp> FWe;njhif ,itfspd; Jiz nfhz;l KUfd; jkpo;f; flTs; vd;gJk;> mtH jk; Njhw;wk; jkpo; epyNk vd;gJk; $whkNyNa mikAnkd thjpLfpwhH.

rhpj;jpu MrphpaHfs;> rhpj;jpu tp\aq;fspy; fUj;JNtWghL nfhs;tJ jtpHf;f ,ayhjJ. Ma;T Nehf;fpy; tuNtw;f Ntz;baJ.

fsg;gpuhfisg; gw;wp Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jphpahUk;> Nf.Nf.gps;isAk;> ,d;dgpw rhpj;jpu MrphpaHfSk; nfhz;bUe;j fUj;Jf;F khw;whf tpbnts;spahf jkpofj;jpy; xU fUj;J Njhd;wpw;W.

kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp

tho;ehs; KOtJk; tuyhw;Wr; rpe;jidfNshL tho;e;jpl;l Muha;r;rpg; NguwpQH kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp. jkpof tuyhw;wpd; ,Uz;l gFjpfSf;F xspA+l;ba ngUkf;fspy; xUtH.

16.12.1900 y; guk;giu rpj;j itj;jpaH rPdpthr ehafhpd; kfdhfg; gpwe;jtH. gj;jhk; tFg;Gf;F Nky; gbf;fhjtH. mtH gilj;j gy E}y;fs; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; ghlE}y;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.

jkpo;g; Nguitr; nrk;ky;

Muha;r;rp cyfpy; vtiuAk; gpd;gw;whJ jdf;nfdj; jdp kuig tFj;Jf; nfhz;l mtiug; ghuhl;b> kJiug; gy;fiyf; fofk; 1980 y; jkpo;g; Nguitr; nrk;ky; vd;w gl;lj;jpid mspj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;jJ.

30 f;F Nkw;gl;l E}y;fisAk;> 200 f;F Nkw;gl;l mhpa Ma;Tf; fl;LiufisAk; toq;fpa ,tH %is euk;Gfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l epiyapy;> nray;ghlw;W ,uhag;gl;il kUj;Jtkidapy; 8.5.1980 md;W jdJ Muha;r;rpg; gzpia epWj;jpf; nfhz;L epue;ju Xa;ntLj;Jf; nfhz;lhH.

fsg;gpuH Ml;rpapy; jkpofk;

kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp mtHfs; vOjpa fsg;gpuH Ml;rpapy; jkpofk; vDk; E}y; jkpof tuyhW vDk; ,Uz;l tPl;by; Vw;gl;l xsptpsf;fhFk;.

tuhw;Wg; NguhrphpaHfs; fp.gp.3 k; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp. 6 k;  E}w;whz;L tiuAs;s fsg;gpuH fhyj;ij ,Uz;l fhyk; vd;W xNu thpapy; vOjp Kbj;J tpl;lhHfs;. me;j ,Uz;l fhyj;jpw;F xspA+l;batH kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp.

fd;dl ehl;bypUe;J te;J jkpofj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp Ml;rp nra;jtHfs; fsg;gpuHfs;. mtHfsJ Ml;rpf;fhyk; fp.gp.250 y; njhlq;fp 575 y; KbTw;wJ. Nru> Nrho< ghz;baHfis ntd;W Ml;rp nra;jdH fsg;gpuHfs;. fp.gp. 6 k; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; ghz;bad; fLq;Nfhd; vd;gtd;> ghz;ba ehl;L Ml;rpiaf; fsg;gpuhplkpUe;J kPl;Lf; nfhz;lhd;.

mNj fhyj;jpy; njhz;il ehl;L murdhd gy;ytd; rpk;k tp\;Z Nrho ehl;ilf; fsg;gpuhplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhd;. fsg;gpuH fhyj;jpy; rkz kjKk;> ngsj;j kjKk; jkpo;ehl;bw;F te;jd. nkd; NkYk; rpwg;Gg; ngw;W cd;dj epiyia mile;jd.

jkpo; nkhopapd; tsHr;rp

fsg;gpuhpd; Ml;rpapy; rPtf rpe;jhkzp> ngUq;fij Nghd;w ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd. gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j jkpofj;jpy; tl;nlOj;J KiwAk; tof;fpy; te;jJ.

rq;f fhyj;jpy; ntz;gh Mrphpag;gh> fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh> vd ehd;F tifg; ghf;fs; kl;LNk ,Ue;jd. fsg;gpuhpd; fhyj;jpy; jhopir> Jiw> tpUj;jk; vd %d;W ghypdq;fisAk; mikj;J gs;spU tifahd nra;Al;fis cz;lhf;fpdH.

mtpeak;> fhf;if ghbdpak;> Nghd;w Gjpa ahg;gpyf;fz E}y;fs; Njhd;wpd. gjpNdhue; jpUKiwapy; fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahH> ef;fPu Nj ehahdhH> fgpyNjt ehahdhH> guz Njt ehahdhH>fy;yhl Njt ehadhH vDk; Ie;J MrphpaHfs; vOjpa 18 E}y;fs; fsg;gpuH fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lit.

gjpndhd; fPo;f; fzf;F E}y;fspy; jpUf;Fws;> fstop ehw;gJ> KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp> ehybahH Mfpa ehd;F E}y;fisAk; jtpHj;J> ehd; kzpf; fbif Kjy; jpdkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ tiu vQ;rpa 14 E}y;fSk; fsg;gpuH fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpait MFk;.

“,iwadhH mfg;nghUs;” vDk; fstpay; E}y; fsg;gpuH fhyj;jpy; vOe;jJ. mfg; nghUs; - Gwg; nghUs; Jiwapy; Gjpa fUj;Jf;fspd; Njhw;wk; fsg;gpuH fhyj;jpy; jhd; epfo;e;jJ. njd;df ,irapd; jhahf tpsq;fp fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahH el;lghil ,e;jsk; vdk; , U jkpo;g; gz;fis cUthf;fpaJk; mf;fhyj;jpy; jhd;.

jkpo;> tlnkhop> Mq;fpyk;>  jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; NjHr;rp ngw;wpUe;j gd;nkhop mwpQuhd kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp 1975 y; ntspapl;l fsg;gpuh Ml;rpapy; jkpofk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;lgb> fsg;gpuhpd; ,Uz;l fhyk; vd;W $wg;gl;L te;j epiy khwp ,e;j E}ypdhy; tpbaw;fhyk; vd;W MfpwJ.

kjpg;gpw;Fhpa NguhrphpaH lhf;lH N[.jpahfuh[d; mtHfNs!

tuyhw;wpy; ,Uz;l gFjpfSf;F xspA+l;Ljy; fhyq;fhykhf njhlHe;J eilngw;Wf; nfhz;NlapUf;fpwJ.

jtwhf fUj;Jf;fis kWj;J cz;ikia epiyehl;Ljy; vd;gJk; njhlHe;J te;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;gjidAk; jhq;fs; mwptPHfs;. ,itfisnay;yhk; kiwf;f Kad;W nghj;jhk; nghJthd xU gjpiyj; je;Js;sPHfs;.

[hNuhfh-,-jH\d;

mf;gH jkJ Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; [hNuhf-,-jH\d; vDk; Vw;ghl;ilg; GFj;jpdhH. nghJkf;fs; kd;diuj; jhprpf;f ,e;j Vw;ghL nra;ag; ngw;wJ vd mGy; /gh]y; $wpAs;shH.

mf;giug; ghHg;gNj ,iwtzf;fkhf fUjg;gl;lJ. jpde;NjhWk; Vuhskhd kf;fs; ,j;jifa tzf;fk; nra;J te;jhHfs;. jHghhpy; ghJ\htpw;F ntspg;gilahfNt rputzf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. Kfyhar; rf;futHj;jp \h[`hd; rpu tzf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiwia epWj;jpdhH. Mdhy; jiuiaj; njhl;L Kj;jkpl mDkjpj;jhH.

mf;gH

mf;gH jdJ 34 tJ Ml;rp Mz;by;> Rw;Wg; gazj;jpd; NghJ ahid kPjpUe;J tpOe;J tpl;l NghJk;> 41 tJ Mz;by; khd; xd;W jhf;fpajpy; fhaKw;W 29 ehl;fs; gLf;ifapy; ,Ue;j NghJk;> 47tJ Mz;by; mGy; /gh]y; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l NghJ tUj;jk; fhuzkhfTk;> uh[h gPHghy; ,we;j Jf;fk; fhuzkhfTk;> kuzj;jpw;F Kd; Neha;tha;g;gl;l NghJ 19 ehl;fspy; ehd;F ehl;fs; kl;Lk; jhd; kf;fs; jhprdj;jpw;F tutpy;iy.

[`hq;fPH

xd;gjhtJ Ml;rp Mz;by; m[;kPhpy; Neha;tha;g;gl;bUe;j NghJk;> 13 Mk; Mz;by; mfkjhghj;jpy; cly; eykpd;wp ,Ue;j NghJk;> 11 k; Mz;by; FHuj;jpd; kfs; ,we;J Jf;fk; fhuzkhfTk; [`hq;fPH kf;fs; jhprdj;jpw;fhf tutpy;iy.

\h[`hd;

Nguurp Kk;jh[; k`hy; ,we;j NghJ xU thu fhyKk;> nry;y kfs; gPfk; ]h`pg; cly; eykw;wpUe;j NghJ xU ehSk;> jhd; cly; eykw;wpUe;j NghJ 19 ehl;fSk; jhd; kf;fs; jhprdj;jpw;F \h[`hd; tutpy;iy.

kf;fs; jhprdj;jpw;F vj;Jiz Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;lJ Kfyha kd;dHfshy; vd;gjid ,jd; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. (tphpthd tpsf;fq;fis Kfyhag; Nguurpd; ika mikg;G ,gpd; `]d; E}iyg; ghHf;fTk;).

uh[ jhprdj;jpy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;ltH midtUk; ehs;NjhWk; #hpad; cjpf;Fk; Neuj;jpy; [Nuhfhtpd; (fhl;rp kz;lgk;) fPo; $b epd;wdH. Nguurpd; jhprdk; ngw giltPuHfSk;> tzpfHfSk;> njhopw;fiyQHfSk;> cotHfSk; xU Nruf; $LtJ tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.

mf;ghpd; mitf;fsj;jpypUe;j mg;Jy; fhjH gnjsdp mf;guJ Ml;rpiag; gw;wp jgfb mf;ghp> Kz;lfhGy; jthhpf; vDk; ,U E}y;fspy; vOjpAs;shH.

mjpy;> ,uhkH my;yJ fpU\;z gukhj;khtpd; mtjhuNk mf;gH vdf; fUjpa gpuhkzHfs; jhd; [Nuhf-,-jH\d; vDk; kf;fs; jhprdg; gof;fk; Vw;gLjw;Ff; fhuzkhdtHfs; vd;W vOjpAs;shH.

Nguurhpd; mUshHe;j jpUKfj;ijf; fhzhky; czNth> ePNuh mUe;jf; $lhJ vd kf;fs; epidj;jhHfs; vd;W gnjsdp (Badauni) vOjpAs;shH. ,e;j tof;fj;jpid epWj;jpatH xsuq;fN[g;.

Jwtp murH

mNrhfH jj;JtQhdp murH> mf;gH Njrpa murH> xsuq;fN[g; jHNt\; murH mjhtJ Jwtp muruhthH. xsuq;fN[g; jk; je;ijf;F vOjpa fbjnkhd;wpy;>

vtH jk; kf;fisr; rPuhf tsHj;Jg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf jk; flikfis epiwNtw;Wfpd;whNuh> mthplj;jpy; vy;yhk; ty;y ,iwtd; jdJ fUizia ey;Ffpwhd;. ,jpypUe;J> Xeha;> ML Nka;g;gtdhf ,Uf;fj; jFjpaw;wJ vd;gJ njspTgl Ntz;Lk;. mJ Nghd;Nw NfhioAk; murhq;fj;jpd; flikfis Mw;w KbahJ. mur ,iwik kf;fspd; ghJfhtyhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ra Nfspf;iff;fhfTk;> nfhz;lhl;lq;fSf;fhftk; md;W. vy;yhk; ty;y ,iwtd; ,e;j Copaid Nkd;ik jq;fpa Nguuruhk;  jq;fSila jtwhd vz;zq;fspypUe;J tpLtpg;ghdhf!

vd;W xsuq;fN[g; jk;ik XH Copad;> ML Nka;g;gtd; vd;nwy;yhk; ctikr; nrhw;fis cgNahfpj;Jj; jkJ mur flikfis njspTgLj;jpAs;shH.

(H. mkPH myP> xsuq;fN[g;> jkpo; ehl;L ghlE}y; epWtdk; 1975> gf; 120-121 tuyhw;W mwpQH [hJehj; rHf;fhH (Jadunath Sarkar) 1912 y; ntspapl;l Anecdotes of Aurangazib vDk; 101 gf;f E}ypypue;J ,e;j Nkw;Nfhis vLj;Jj; je;Js;shH. xsuq;fN[g; rhjhuzkhfNt vy;yh Neuj;jpYk; mhpahrzj;jpy; mkHe;jpUg;gjpy;iy vd;W ngHdpaH (Dr. Francois Bernier)  rhl;rpakspj;Js;shH.

jk;ikAk; jk; nray;fisAk; ,iwtdpd; Nritf;F mHg;gzpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W kdg;ghd;ik nfhz;bUe;j xsuq;fN[g;> gyfzpapy; te;J kf;fs; Kd; epw;gij ntWf;fj;jf;f glhNlhgkhFk; vdf; fUjpdhH. vdNt jhd; jdJ Ml;rpapy; `p[;hp 1079 y; jhprd Kiwia epWj;jpdhH.

kd;diug; ghHf;f tUk; kf;fs; mt;thW kd;diug; ghHf;Fk;tiuapy; czT cl;nfhs;shky; rpukg;gLtijAk;> mNjhL epWj;jpdhH.

jd;id Copadhfg; ghtpj;J Ml;rpia elj;jpr; nrd;w Jwtp muruhd xsuq;fN[g;> jdJ nrUg;ig gpwH tzq;fr; nrhy;ypapUg;ghH vd;W $Wtij vd;dntd;W nrhy;tJ?

khepyq;fsitapy;.. ..

,e;jpa ehlSkd;w khepyq;fsitapy; Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiytH R. ntq;fl;uhkd; Jizf; FbauRj; jiytuhf ,Ue;j NghJ> khepyq;fsitapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;j Ntis>

khepyq;fsit cWg;gpdH jpU. itNfh vk;.gp. f&H-jpz;Lf;fy;-ney;iy-J}j;Jf;Fb Gjpa uapy; ghijg; gzpfSf;F jpl;lkplg;gl;l KbT (Target Date)  Njjp gw;wp tpdhf;fis vOg;gpdhH.

mjw;F mg;Nghija ,uapy;Nt mikr;rH fdpfhd; nrsj;hp> tpdhtpw;F Neubahfg; gjpy; nrhy;yhky; kOg;gpd; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhH. tpdhTk; njhlHe;jJ. KOg;gYk; njhlHe;jJ. mg;NghJ rigj; jiytuhf ,Ue;j R. ntq;fl;uhkd; $wpa thpfs; :

The Question is very simple; But the Government has no answer.

xsuq;fN[g; nrUg;ig tzq;fr; nrhd;dhuh vd;w Nfs;tpf;F ehk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tuyhw;W cz;ikfis kWj;Njh> my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s gjpy;fis kWj;Njh> my;yJ mjdi kWg;gjw;fhd Mjhuq;fisNah juhky;> jhq;fs; mspj;Js;s gjpy; khepyq;fsitapy; eilngw;w epfo;r;rpiaj; jhd; vdJ epidtpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;jJ.

ek; Nfs;tpfSf;Fg; gjpyspj;jpl Nguhrphpahplk;> md;iwa FbauRj; Jizj; jiytH $wpaJ Nghy mthplk; gjpy; ,y;iy vd;gJk; GydhfpwJ.

1958 y;.. ..

kapiy rPdp.Ntq;flrhkp 1958 y; %d;whk; ee;jptHkd; vDk; 248 gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l E}ypid ntspapl;lhHfs;. mjpy; Kd;Diuapy; $WthH :

rhpj;jpu Muha;r;rp Kiwia ekf;Ff; fw;gpj;jtHfs; Mq;fpNyaNu. Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; vgpfpuhgp> MHf;fpahy[p ,yhf;fhf;fis mikj;Jk;> kpA+rpak; vd;Dk; nghUl;fhl;rp rhiyfis cz;lhf;fpAk;> fy;Y}hpfspy; rhpj;jpug; ghlq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAk;> ekJ ehl;L gioa tuyhw;iw Muha;e;J vOj mbNfhypdhHfs;.

mtHfs; tFj;Jj; je;j Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp ekJ ehl;L mwpQHfs; rhd;Wfis Muha;e;J rhpj;jpuq;fis vOjpdhHfs;. vOJfpwhHfs;.

,g;NghJ fhyk; khwp tUfpwJ. Mq;fpyKk; jkpOk; mwpe;jtHfs;> Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l jkpo; tuyhWfisg; gbf;Fk; NghJ> mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; gpioahd nra;jpfisAk; jtwhd fUj;Jf;fisAk; fhz;fpwhHfs;. fz;L> fz;L cz;ikahd rhpj;jpuk; vOjg;gl Ntz;baij czHfpwhHfs;.

MHf;fpahy[p> vgpfpuhgp vd;Dk; rhj;jpuq;fisAk;> jha; nkhopiaAk; ed;F gapd;wtHfs; rhpj;jpu E}y;fis vOj Kd; tuNtz;Lk;. md;wpAk; fha;jy; ctj;jy; ,y;yhky; eL epiyapy; epd;W cz;ikia cs;sthNw $Wfpw nrk;ikahd kdKs;stHfshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jj; jd;ikAs;stH ,g;NghJ kpf kpff; FiwthdtHfNs cs;sdH.

,g;NghJ cs;s jkpo;ehl;L tuyhWfspy; jtWfSk; gpiofSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MHf;fpahy[p> vgpfpuhgp ,yhfh cj;jpNahf];jHfs;> gy;fiyf;fofr; rhpj;jpug; NguhrphpaHfs; Nghd;w nghWg;Gs;stHfSk; $l> jkpo;ehl;Lr; rhpj;jpuk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tiuapy;> jtwhd nra;jpfis vOjp tUtNjhL> nrhy;y Ntz;batw;iwr; nrhy;yhkYk; tpLfpwhHfs;. ,jdhy; jkpo;ehl;bd; cz;ikahd tuyhW kiwe;J tpLfpwJ. gpioaw;w cz;ikahd tuyhw;W E}y;fs; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

45 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G $wg;gl;l ,e;j epiyjhd; ,d;Dk; ePbj;J tUfpwJ. mjpYk; ,d;Dk; Ntfkhf tuyhw;wpidNa KOtJkhf khw;wp vOjpl> jphpj;jpl VfNghf Kaw;rpfs; Vuhsk; eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

,e;jpa tuyhw;wpayhsHfs; khehL

gQ;rhk; khepyk; mkpHjru]py; FUehdf; Njt; gy;fiyf;fof tshfj;jpy; 28>29>30 brk;gH 2002 y; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpayhsHfs; khehl;bd; (Indian History Congress) 63 tJ mkHTf; $l;lk; eilngw;W Kbe;Js;sJ.

gQ;rhg; khepy Kjy;tH Nfg;ld; mk;hpe;jH rpq; fye;J nfhz;l me;j  khehl;by;>caH fy;tpf;fhd mikr;rH F\hy; ghjy; ciuahw;Wifapy;> fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; Njrpa fTd;rpy; (NCERT – National Council for Educational Research and Training) ghlj;jpl;lq;fspy; nra;Js;s jpUj;jq;fs;> tuyhw;W E}y;fspy; kjr;rhHgpd;ikf;F vjpuhfTk;> ,e;J kj ntwpf;F MjuthfTk; jpUj;jg;gl;Ls;sijf; fLikahfr; rhbaNjhL> gQ;rhg; khepy;jjpy; gs;spfspy; ,e;jg; Gj;jfq;fisg; ghlg; Gj;jfq;fshf mq;fPfhpf;f khl;Nlhk; vd;W njhptpj;jpUf;fpwhH.

me;j khehl;by; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l %d;W Kf;fpa jPHkhdq;fspy; xd;whf> ,t;thW gy khepy muRfs; gpiofs; kype;j> NCERT d; Gjpa ghlg; Gj;jfq;fisg; Gwf;fzpg;gijg; ghuhl;bAs;sJ.

mj;NjhL ,J Fwpj;J vr;rhpf;ifahf ,Ug;gJ tuNtw;fj;jf;f tsHr;rpg; Nghf;F vd;Wk; fUj;Jj; njhptpj;Js;sJ. me;j me;j khepy ghlg; Gj;jfq;fSk; kWgbAk; ghprPyid nra;ag;gl;L mtw;wpy; cs;s gpiofisf; fise;jpl eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W jdJ ,uz;lhtJ jPHkhdj;jpy; khepy murhq;fq;fisf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpayhsHfs; khehL.

[dthp 12>2003 y; ntspte;j gPg;gps;]; nlkhf;furp ,jo; ,J Fwpj;j nra;jpfis tphpthfr; nrhy;ypAs;sJ.

,g;Nghija ,d;iwaj; Njit gpioahd tuyhWfs; jpUj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpioaw;w cz;ikahd tuyhw;W E}y;fs; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

,e;j Kaw;rpapid muhq;fq;fs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> gs;spf;$lq;fs; nra;a Kd; tu Ntz;Lk;. ,itfs; mjpypUe;J jtWk; gl;rj;jpy; ,];yhkpa tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpf; fofk; (ICHR) Nghd;w  mikg;Gfs; mk; Kaw;rpapy; ,wq;fpl Ntz;Lk;.

mjw;F mr;rhukpLk; tifapy; [dthp 2003 tpbay; gf; 41-44> gpg;uthp 2003 tpbay; gf; 11-12 ,itfNshL ,e;jg; gjpiyAk; NrHj;J ,yf;fpar; Nrhiy xU rpW E}yhf ntspapl Kd; tu Ntz;Lk;.

(,d;\h my;yh`; ,e;j KO tpthjKk; E}yhf ntsptUk;. Nguh.jpahfuh[d; mtHfs; Mjhug;G+Htkhd gjpy; vijAk; juhjjhy; mg;gFjpia tuyhw;Wg; ghlj;jpypUe;J mfw;Wk;gb ehk; gy;fiyf;fofj;ijf; Nfl;Nghk;. ,d;\h my;yh`; - MH.)