,Jjhd; cz;ik!

Gjpjhf fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l tpQ;Qhd cz;ikfs; jpUf;Fh;MdpYk; egpnkhopfspYk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;litfs;

;kdpjg;gilg;gpd; gbepiyfs; (m)

KO gpugQ;rj;jpw;FKs;s J}juhf egp K`k;kJ (]y;) mth;fis my;yh`; mDg;gpAs;shd;.  jpUf;Fh;Mdpy; my;yh`; $Wfpd;whd;:-

(egpNa!) ehk; ck;ik mfpyj;jhUf;F vy;yhk; u`;kj;jhf - XH mUl; nfhilahfNtad;wp mDg;gtpy;iy. (21:107)

MfNt egp (]y;) mth;fs; ghiytdj;jpy; tho;e;j fhl;L mugpfSf;F J}juhf ,Ue;jJ Nghd;W mth; ,d;iwa etPd Muha;r;rpf; $lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; mwptpayhsUf;Fk; mth; egpahthh;.  mth; vy;yh fhyq;fspy; thOk; vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; mth; ,iwj; J}juhthh;. egp K`k;kJ (]y;) mth;fSf;F Kd; xt;nthU J}jUk; mtUila nrhe;j kf;fSf;F khj;jpuNk mDg;gg;gl;ldh;.

... xt;nthU r%fj;jtUf;Fk; xU NeHtop fhl;bAz;L. (13:7)

Mdhy;> egp K`k;kJ (]y;) mth;fspd; J}J KO kdpj ,dj;jpw;Fk; cs;sjhFk; ,jd; fhuzkhfNt my;yh`; mth;fspd; J}jpw;F Mjutspf;Fk; mj;jhl;rpia mspj;Js;shd;.  ,e;j mj;jhl;rp kw;w J}jh;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l mj;jhl;rpia fhl;bYk; tpj;jpahrkhdJ.  kw;w J}jh;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l mj;jhl;rpfs; mth;fspy; fhyj;jth;fshy; khj;jpuk; my;yJ mth;fisj; njhlh;e;j xU rpy re;jjpfshy; khj;jpuk; ghh;f;fg;gl;lJ.  gpwF mk;kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia GJg;gpg;gjw;fhf my;yh`; kw;nwhU mw;Gjj;Jld; NtnwhU J}jiu mDg;Gthd;.  Mdhy; egp K`k;kJ (]y;) mth;fs; ,Wjp ehs; tUk;tiuAs;s xNunahU ,Wjpj;J}juhf ,Ug;gjhy;>  my;yh`; mtUf;F vd;nwd;Wk; njhlh;e;J ,Uf;Fk; mw;Gjj;ij Mjhukhff; nfhLj;Js;shd;.

egp %]h (miy) mth;fspd; mw;Gjj;ijNah my;yJ egp <]h (miy) mth;fspd; mw;Gjj;ijNah fhz;gpf;FkhW xU A+jhplNkh my;yJ xU fpwpj;jthplNkh Nfl;lhy;>  mitfis kPz;Lk; epfo;j;jpf; fhl;LtJ kdpj rf;jpf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ vd;Nw mth;fs; $Wth;. %]hTila Nfhiy ,d;W cUthf;fTk; KbahJ mJ Nghy; ,we;jth;fis caph;g;gpj;Jj; jUkhW ,NaRitAk; miof;f KbahJ. ek;ikg; nghUj;jtiu ,e;j mw;Gjq;fnsy;yhk; rhpj;jpu mwpTg;Gf;fs; jtpu Ntnwhd;Wkpy;iy. Mdhy; xU K];ypkplk; vtNuDk; egp K`k;kJ (]y;) mth;fspd; kpfg; ngUk; mw;Gjk; vJ vd;W Nfl;lhy; mth; mthplKs;s jpUf;Fh;Mid cld; fhl;Lthh;;. Vnddpy;> jpUf;Fh;Md; ek;Kila fuq;fspy; njhlh;e;J ,Uf;Fk; mw;GjkhFk;. midj;J kf;fSk; mjpy; cs;s tpraq;fis Muha;e;J ghh;f;f Kbfpd;w xU jpwe;j Gj;jkhFk; mJ:-

(egpNa!) ''rhl;rpaj;jpy; kpfTk; nghpaJ vJ?"" vdf; NfSk;; ''my;yh`;Nt vdf;Fk; cq;fSf;FkpilNa rhl;rpahf ,Uf;fpd;whd;; ,e;j FHMd; vdf;F t`Pahf mUsg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,ijf; nfhz;L cq;fisAk;> (,ij mile;jtHfisAk; ehd; mr;r%l;b vr;rhpg;gjw;fhf. (jpUf;Fh;Md; 6:19)

jpUf;Fh;Mdpd; mw;Gjj;jd;ik mJ cs;slf;fp;f; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Qhdj;jpy;jhd; cs;sJ. Nkd;ik nghUe;jpa my;yh`; $Wfpd;whd;:- my;yh`;Nt rhl;rp nrhy;fpwhd;; mijj; (jpUf;Fh;Mid) jd; NguUs; Qhdj;ijf; nfhz;L mtd; ckf;F (K`k;kJ) ,wf;fp itj;jhd;; kyf;FfSk; (,jw;F) rhl;rp nrhy;fpwhHfs;; ...(4:166)

MfNt jw;fhy mwptpayhsh;fSk; mwpQh;fSk; gy;NtW gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; gzp GhpAk; kdpj rpe;jidia top elj;Jk; Nguhrphpah;fSk; my;yh`;tpd; Ntjj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Qhdj;ij gw;wp Muha;r;rp nra;tjw;F xU ey;y re;jh;g;gk; fpilj;Js;sJ.  ,e;jf; fhyj;jpy;> gpugQ;rj;;ij gw;wp fz;L gpbg;gjpy; mwptpayhsh;fs; kpfTk; kpQ;rp tpl;ldh;. Mdhy; jpUf;Fh;MNdh gpugQ;rj;ijg; gw;wpAk; kdpjdpd; ,ay;G gw;wpAk; ntF fhyj;jpw;F Kd;NgNa tpthjpj;J tpl;lJ.  mt;thnwdpy;> mjd; tpisTjhd; vd;d?

clw;$W kw;Wk; fUtsh;r;rp ,ay; Mfpa Jiwfspy; cyfpNyNa Kz;zdpapy; ,Uf;Fk; xUtuhd Nguhrphpah; fPj; %h; mth;fis jq;fSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk;. mth; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;w Jiw rk;ge;jkhf cs;s jpUf;Fh;Md; kw;Wk; `jPJfs; gw;wp mwptpay; Muha;r;rpia ekf;F jUkhW Nguhrphpah; %h; mth;fsplk; ehk; Nfl;Nlhk;.

Nguhrphpah; %h; mth;fs; tsUk; kdpjd;|vDk; Gfo; ngw;w Gj;jfj;jpd; Mrphpah; Mthh;fs;.  fdlhtpYs;s NlhNuhz;Nlh gy;fiyf;foj;jpy; clw;$W ,ay; kw;Wk; nry; ,aq;fpay; Mfpa Jiwfspy; Nguhrphpah; Mthh;. mth; ghfy;b Mg; nkbrpdpy; mbg;gil mwptpay;fs; Jiwapy; Bd; MfTk; ,Ue;jhh;. vl;L tUlq;fshf cly; $W ,ay; Jiwapd; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;whh;. lhf;lh; %h; mth;fs; fdlhtpYs;s tpd;dpngf; gy;fiyf;; fofj;jpYk; gjpndhU Mz;Lfs; gzp Ghpe;Js;shh;. gy gd;dhl;L cly;$W ,ay; epGzh;fspd; $l;likg;Gf;fSf;Fk; cly; ,aq;fpay; mwptpayhsh;fspd; $l;likg;gpw;Fk; jiyik jhq;fpAs;shh;.  Nguhrphpah; %h; mth;fs;

Royal Medical Association of Canada.

The International Academy of Cytology.

The Union of American Anatomists.

The Union of North and South American Anatomists. 

Mfpa mikg;Gf;fspd; cWg;gpduhfTk; Njh;e;;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;. fdlhtpd; cly; ,aq;fpay; Jiwapy; kpfTk; Gfo; ngw;w tpUjhd J.C.B.Grant Award vd;w tpUij 1984k; Mz;L fdlh cly; ,aq;fpayhsh;fs; mNrhrpadplkpUe;J ngw;whh;.

Clinical Anatomy and Embryology Mfpa Jiwfspy; mth; gy Gj;jfq;fis vOjpAs;shh;. mitfspy; vl;L Gj;jfq;fs; kUj;Jt gs;spfspy; Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jfq;fshf cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd NkYk; mitfs; MW nkhopfspy; nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jpUf;Fh;MDila trdq;fs; kw;Wk; egpapd; nghd;nkhopfs; Mfpad gw;wp mtUila Muha;r;rpia ekf;Fj; jUk;gb mthplk; Nfl;l NghJ mth; kpfTk; tpae;jhh;.  mwptpayhsh;fs; fle;j Kg;gjhz;Lfspy; khj;jpuNk njhpe;J nfhz;l tpraq;fis> vt;thW egp K`k;kJ (]y;) mth;fs; gjpdhd;F E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;dhy; fUitAk; mjDila tsh;r;rpg; gbfisAk; mj;jid Jy;ypakhfTk; tptukhfTk; $w Kbe;jJ vd Mr;rhpaj;jpw;Fs;shdhh;.  kpf tpiuthfNt Nguhrphpah; %h; mth;fspd; ,e;j Mr;rhpakhdJ Ntj ntspg;ghL> Neh;top Mfpatw;wpd; NkYs;s kjpg;ghf khwpg; NghdJ. ,e;j fz;Nzhl;lj;ij mth; mwpT[Ptpfs; kw;Wk; mwptpayhsh;fSf;F kj;jpapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. jpUf;Fh;MDk; egp nkhopAk; etPd fUtpaYld; vt;tpjk; xj;Jg;Nghfpd;wJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J mth; xU nrhw;nghopNt Mw;wpAs;shh;. mjpy; mth; $WtjhtJ:-

kdpj tsh;r;rp gw;wp jpUf;Fh;Mdpy; fhzg;gLk; $w;Wf;fisg; gw;wp njspTgLj;j cjTtJ vdf;F kpfTk; kfpo;r;rp mspf;fpd;wJ.  ,e;j $w;Wf;fs; midj;Jk; K`k;kJ mth;fSf;F my;yh`;tplkpUe;Nj my;yJ flTsplkpUe;Nj te;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vdf;F njspthfj; njhpfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; Vwf;Fiwa ,e;j mwpT midj;Jk; gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F gpw;ghNl fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;lJ. K`k;kJ mth;fs; epr;rahf my;yh`;tpd; J}juhfNt ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,J vdf;F ep&gpf;fpd;wJ.

kpfTk; Gfo; ngw;w khpahijf;Fhpa fUtpay; Jiwapd; mwptpayhsh; mth; Jiw rk;ge;jg;gl;l jpUf;Fh;Mdpd; trdq;fis Muha;r;rp nra;j gpd;dh; mwptpg;gijAk; NkYk; K`k;kJ (]y;) mth;fs; ,iwtdpd; J}juhfj;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtUila KbitAk; Nahrpj;Jg; ghUq;fs;.

kdpjdpd; gilg;gpy; cs;s gbepiyfis my;yh`; jpUf;Fh;Mdpy; $Wfpd;whd; :-

epr;rakhf ehk; (Mjp) kdpjiuf; fsp kz;zpypUe;Js;s rj;jpdhy; gilj;Njhk;. gpd;dH ehk; (kdpjidg; gilg;gjw;fhf) mtid xU ghJfhg;gd ,lj;jpy; ,e;jphpaj; Jspahf;fp itj;Njhk;. gpd;dH me;j ,e;jphpaj; Jspia myf; vd;w epiyapy; Mf;fpNdhk;; gpd;dH me;j myf;if xU jirg; gpz;lkhf;fpNdhk;; gpd;dH mj;jirg;gpz;lj;ij vYk;GfshfTk; Mf;fpNdhk;; gpd;dH> mt;ntYk;GfSf;F khkprj;ij mzptpj;Njhk;; gpd;dH ehk; mjid NtW xU gilg;ghf (kdpjdhfr;) nra;Njhk;. (jpUf;Fh;Md; 23:12-14)

myf;fh|vd;w mugp thh;j;ijf;F %d;W mh;j;jq;fs; cs;sd. Kjy; mh;j;jk; ml;ilg; G+r;rp|vd;gjhFk;. ,uz;lhtJ mh;j;jk; : kpje;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; xd;W|vd;gjhFk;. %d;whtJ mh;j;jk; ,uj;jf; fl;b vd;gjhFk;.

Fig. 3.1

rhjhuz jz;zPhpypUf;Fk; ml;ilg;G+r;rpia myf;fh gbepiyAld; Nguhrphpah; %h; mth;fs; xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;j;j NghJ mitfSf;fpilNa kpfg;ngUk; xw;Wikia fz;lhh;. myf;fh gbepiyapd; NghJ fUthdJ ml;ilg;G+r;rpiag; Nghd;w Njhw;wj;ij milfpd;wJ vd;W mth; fz;L nfhz;lhh;.  fUtpd; xU glj;ijAk; ml;ilg;G+r;rpapd; xU glj;ijAk; mUfUNf itj;jhh;. ,e;j glq;fis gy khehLfspy; mwptpayhsh;fSf;F mth; fhz;gpj;jhh;.

myf;fhtpd; ,uz;lhtJ mh;j;jk; kpje;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; xd;W|| vd;gjhFk;.  ,Jjhd; myf;fh gbepiyapd; NghJ fUthdJ jhapd; fh;g;g miwapy; kpje;J nfhz;bUg;gij ehk; fhzyhk;. myf;fhtpd; %d;whtJ mh;j;jk; ,uj;jf; fl;b vd;gjhFk;. Nguhrphpah; %h; mth;fs; $wpaJ Nghy; fUthdJ myf;fh gbepiyapy; gy tifahd cs; khw;wq;fSf;Fs;shfpd;wJ. %lg;gl;l ehsq;fspd; topahf ,uj;j Xl;lk; cUthFjy; Nghd;witfs; cUthfp> tsh;rpij khw;wq;fs; njhg;Gs; nfhbtopahf KbthFk; tiu khWjYf;F cs;shFfpd;wJ vd;gJ kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. myf;fh gbepiyapd; NghJ mJ ml;ilg; G+r;rp Nghd;W Njhd;WtNjhly;yhky;> ,uj;jk; %lg;gl;l ehsq;fspy; (-Xlhky;) mg;gbNa gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjdhy;jhd; mJ ,uj;jf;fl;b Nghd;w Njhw;wj;ij milfpd;wJ. ,uz;Lk; tpsf;fq;fSk; mw;Gjkhd Kiwapy; myf;fh vDk; xNu thh;j;ijahy; jpUf;Fh;Mdhy; mspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

K`k;kJ (]y;) mth;fs; ve;j tifapy; mij mwpe;jpUf;f KbAk;?  Nguhrphpah; %h; mth;fs; fUit mjd; Kj;fh (Rtpq;fj;ij rg;GtJ Nghd;W fbj;Jr; rg;gg;gl;l xd;W) gbepiyapYk; Muha;e;jhh;. mth; fsp kz;iz vLj;J thapy; itj;J mij rg;gpa gpwF mj;Jld; Kj;fh epiyapYs;s fUtpNdhL xj;Jg; ghh;j;jhh;.  Kj;fh gbepiyapy; fU rg;gg;gl;l nghUspd; Njhw;wj;ij kpfTk; rhpahf xj;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;gij fz;lhh;. gy fdlh ,jo;fs; Nguhrphpah; %h; mth;fspd; tpguq;fis gpuRhpj;jd. jpUf;Fh;Mdpy; Mapuj;J ehDW tUlq;fshf ,Ue;J tUk; $w;Wf;fs; jw;fhy etPd mwptpaYld; vt;tpjk; xj;Jg;Nghfpd;wJ vd;gJ gw;wp %d;W njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfspy; vLj;Jf;fhl;bdhh;. ,jd; tpisthf> Nguhrphpah; %h; mth;fsplk; gpd; tUk; Nfs;tp Nfl;fg;gl;lJ: - ePq;fs; jpUf;Fh;Mid my;yh`;tpd; thf;Fj;jhd; vd;W ek;Gtjhf ehq;fs; vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhkh|? mjw;F mth;: mt;thW Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; vdf;F ve;j tpj rpuKkpy;iy| vd;W gjpyspj;jhh;. ePq;fs; ,NaRit ek;gpapUf;Fk; NghJ K`k;kJit vt;thW ek;g KbAk; vd;W Nfl;fg;gl;l NghJ mth; ,uz;LNk xNu gs;spapypUe;J te;jitjhd; vd;W ehd; ek;Gfpd;Nwd;| vd;W mth; gjpyspj;jhh;.

Fig. 3.2

cyfpYs;s etPdfhyj;J mwptpay; mwpQh;fs; midtUk; jpUf;Fh;Md; my;yh`;tpd; mwptpypUe;J ,wf;fpaUsg;gl;lJjhd; vd;gij njhpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.  ty;yikkpf;f my;yh`; $WtJ Nghd;W: my;yh`; ,wf;fpaUspaij mtDila nrhe;j mwptpypUe;Nj ,wf;fpaUspAs;shd; vd;W mtd; rhl;rp $Wfpd;whd;| (jpUf;Fh;Md; 4:166)

K`k;kJ (]y;) mth;fs; my;yh`;tpd; J}jh;jhd; vd;W Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; etPd fhyj;J mwptpayhsh;fSf;F ve;j tpj rpuKkpy;iy vd;W ,jpypUe;J njspthfpd;wJ.

kdpj gilg;gpd; gbepiyfs;; (M)

Nguhrphpah; fPj; %h; mth;;fshy; vOjg;gl;l tsUk; kdpjd;|| vDk; Gj;jfk; vl;L nkhopfspy; nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jg; Gj;jfk; mwptpay; Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jfkhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ NkYk; xNu xU Mrphpauhy; vOjg;gl;l kpfr; rpwe;j Gj;jfk; vd;W mnkhpf;fhtpYs;s rpwg;Gf; fkpl;bapduhy; ,J Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Mrphpaiu ehk; re;jpj;J mtUila Jiwahd fUtpay; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gy jpUf;Fh;Md; trdq;fisAk; `jPJfisAk; ehk;; mspj;Njhk;.

ehk; mspj;j Mjhuq;fspy; Nguhrphpah; %h; mth;fs; ek;gpf;if nfhz;lhh;fs;.  ehk; mthplk; gpd;tUk; Nfs;tpiaf; Nfl;Nlhk;:- kj;jpa fhyfl;lj;jpy; fUtpay; gw;wpa mwptpaypy; ve;jtpj Kd;Ndw;wKk; Vw;gltpy;iy vd;Wk;> mJ gw;wp kpf kpf FiwthfNt njhpe;jpUe;jJ vd;W jq;fspd; Gj;jfj;jpy; jhq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sPh;fs;. mNj Neuj;jpy; jpUf;Fh;Md; K`k;kJ (]y;) mth;fSf;F mUsg;gl;L my;yh`; mtUf;F mUspaijf; nfhz;L kf;fis mth; top elj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;.  kdpjdpd; gilg;G gw;wpAk; kdpj tsh;r;rpapd; gy gbepiyfs; gw;wpAk; jpUf;Fh;Mdpy; kpfTk; tpgukhd tpsf;fq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

jhq;fNsh cyfg; Gfo; ngw;w mwptpayhh; MtPh;fs;>  mfNt jhq;fs; Vd; ,e;j cz;ikfis jq;fspd; Gj;jfj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;L ePjpia epiyehl;lf; $lhJ?  vd;W Nfl;Nlhk;.  mjw;F mth;: cq;fsplk;jhd; Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd:  vd;dplk; ,y;iy.  mij Vd; vq;fsplk; ePq;fs; nfhLf;ff;$lhJ?  vd;W gjpyspj;jhh;.

ehq;fs; cz;ikfis mthplk; nfhLj;Njhk;. Nguhrphpah; %h; mth;fs; jhd; xU kpfg;ngUk; mwpQh;jhd; vd;gij nraypy; fhl;bdhh;. mtUila Gj;jfj;jpd; %d;whk; gjpg;gpy; mth; rpy Nrh;g;Gf;fisr; nra;jhh;. ehk; Kd;dh; Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghd;W ,e;j Gj;jfk; urpad;> ird> [g;ghdpa> n[h;kdpa> ,j;jhypa> Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpa> A+Nfh];yhtpa nkhopfspy; - vl;L nkhopfspy; - nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kj;jpa fhyq;fisg; gw;wp Nguhrphpah; %h; mth;fs; jd;Dila Gj;jfj;jpy;:- kj;jpa fhy fl;lj;jpy; mwptpay; tsh;r;rp kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpapUe;jJ.  mf;fhyj;jpy; fUtpaypd; rpy fUj;Jf;fs; Fwpj;J nra;ag;gl;l rpy Muha;r;rpfs; ekf;F njhpAk;.  Mz; ngz;zpypUe;J Ruf;Fk; jputq;fspd; fyitapypUe;Nj kdpjh;fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;whh;fs; vd;W K];ypk;fspd; Gdpj Ntjkhd jpUf;Fh;Md; $Wfpd;wJ.  ,e;jphpaj;JspapypUe;J kdpjd; gilf;fg;gLfpd;whd; vd;gjw;fhd gy Fwpg;Gf;fs; tUfpd;wd.  mt;thW tUk; me;j xd;W MW ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF ngz;zpy; xU tpijiag; Nghd;W jq;fp tpLfpd;wJ vd;W NkYk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. 

Fig. 4.1

,e;jphpaj;Jsp ,uj;jf; fl;bahfTk; tsh;r;rpailfpd;wJ vdTk; jpUf;Fh;Md; $Wfpd;wJ.  (Cd;wg;gl;l fUNth my;yJ jhdhf mghh;rdhfpg; Nghd fU ,uj;jf; fl;biag;Nghd;Nw Njhd;Wk;.) fU> mjd; Njhw;wj;jpy;> ml;ilg;G+r;rpiag; Nghd;Nwh my;yJ ,uj;j cwpQ;rpiag; Nghd;Nwhjhd; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.  fU -Ritf;fg;gl;l xd;iwg; Nghd;W - gir my;yJ kuk; - ,Ug;gjhf nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. (Ritf;fg;gl;l nghUspy; cs;s gw;fspd; milahsq;fis fU KJfe;jz;L xj;Js;sJ.)

tsUk; fU 40 my;yJ 42 ehl;fspy; kdpjdhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jg; gbepiyapy; mJ NkYk; kpUff; fUitg; Nghd;W Njhd;Wtjpy;iy. (kdpj fU kdpj Fzq;fis ,e;jg; gbepiyapy;jhd; ngWfpd;wJ.) fU %d;W ,Us; jpiufSf;Fs; tsh;fpd;wJ vd;W Fh;Md; $Wfpd;wJ.  ,J Vwf;Fiwa 1 - jhapd; Kd;Gw tapw;Wr; Rth; 2 - fUg;igr; Rth; 3 - mkpNdhNfhhpdpf; rt;T mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,lg;gw;whf; Fiwapdhy;> gpwg;Gf;F Ke;jpAs;s kdpj tsh;r;rp gw;wp jpUf;Fh;Mdpy; $wg;gLk; NkYk; gy Ritahd Fwpg;Gf;fisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;f Kbatpy;iy.

Fig. 4.3
(Click Here To Enlarge The Picture)

,Jjhd; lhf;lh; %h; mth;fs; jd;Dila Gj;jfj;jpy; vOjpAs;sit.  mtUila me;jg; Gj;jfk; cyfk; KOtJk; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.  vy;yhg;GfOk; my;yh`;Tf;Nf.  ,e;j cz;ikfis mtUila Gj;jfj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mwptpay; mwpT mtUf;F flik Mf;fp tpl;lJ.  jw;nghOJ cyfk; KOtJk;  eil Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUk; etPd fhy fUtsh;r;rp gbepiyfs; vspikahdNjh my;yJ kpfTk; tphpthdNjh my;y vd;w Kbtpw;F lhf;lh; %h; mth;fs; tUfpd;whh;fs;.  me;jg; gbepiyfs; fUtsh;r;rpia Ghpe;J nfhs;s cjTtjpy;iy Vnddpy; mitfs; gbepiy 1> gbepiy 2> gbepiy 3 vd;W vz;fshf tUfpd;wd.  jpUf;Fh;Mdpy; mUspr; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s gbepiyfs; vz;zpf;if Kiwiar; rhh;e;jpUf;ftpy;iy.  mitfs;> fU tsh;e;J nry;yf;$ba xt;nthU epiyiaAk; njspthdJk; kpfTk; vspikahf milahsk; fz;L nfhs;sf;$ba cUtq;fis itj;J tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. 

gpwg;gpw;F Ke;jpAs;s tsh;rpia jpUf;Fh;Md; gpd;tUkhW milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ: - Ej;gh ,jd; mh;j;jk; xU Jsp|my;yJ kpff; Fiwe;j msT ePh;|:  myf;fh ,jd; mh;j;jk; ml;ilg; G+r;rpiag; Nghd;w xU nghUs;|:  Kj;fh ,jd; mh;j;jk; Ritf;fg;gl;lJ Nghd;w xU mikg;G|: ,j;fhk; ,jd; mh;j;jk; vYk;Gfs; my;yJ vYk;Gf; $L vd;gjhFk;. fp]hTy; ,j;fhk; gpy; y`k; ,jd; mh;j;jk; vYk;Gfis rijahNyh my;yJ ,iwr;rpahNyh %LtJ: my; er;m ,jd; mh;j;jk; NtW xU fUthf cUthf;Fjy;. gpwg;gpw;F Ke;jpAs;s gy;NtW tpj;jpahd gbepiyfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl jpUf;Fh;Mdpd; ,e;j gFg;Gf;fs; mike;Js;sd vd;W Nguhrphpah; %h; mth;fs; fz;L nfhz;lhh;. ,e;j gFg;Gf;fs; vspjpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;sf; $baJk; eil Kiwf;F kpfTk; cfe;jJkhd  mofhd tpQ;Qhd tpguq;fis jUfpd;wd vd;W mth; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

mth; fye;J nfhz;l xU khehl;by; Nguhrphpah; %h; mth;fs; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;lhh;: jhapDila fh;g;gg; igapy; my;yJ fUtiwapy; fUthdJ %d;W jpiufshy; my;yJ mLf;Ffshy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ mLj;j ];iyby; fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. (mth; fhz;gpj;j ];iyL ,g;Gj;jfj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy). m - jhapd; Kd;Gw tapw;Wr; Rth; M - fUg;igr; Rth; , - mkpNdhNfhhpdpf; rt;T. kdpj tsh;r;rpg; gbepiyfs; kpfTk; rpf;fyhf ,Ug;gjhYk;>  tsh;r;rpapd; NghJ njhlh;r;rpahd khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shtjhYk;>  jpUf;Fh;Md; kw;Wk; Rd;dh Mfpatw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; thh;j;ijfis cgNahfpj;J Gjpa gFg;G Kiw cUthf;fg;gl KbAk; vd vd;dhy; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.  ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; ,e;j Kiw kpfTk; vspikahdJk;> ed;F Ghpe;J nfhs;sg;glf; $baJk;  jw;NghJ cs;s fUtpay; mwptpaNyhL xj;Jg; NghtJk; MFk;.

Fig. 4.4

jpUf;Fh;MidAk; `jPijAk; fle;j ehd;fhz;Lfshf jPtPukhf nra;j Muha;r;rpfs; kdpj fU gFg;G gw;wpa Gjpa Kiwia ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ kpfTk; tpag;gpw;FhpajhFk; Vnddpy; mitfs; Vohk; E}w;whz;by; gjpag;gl;litfshFk;.  fUtpay; mwptpaypd; ehafdhd mhp];lhl;by;>  fp.K. ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;by; Nfhop Kl;ilfis itj;J Muha;r;rp nra;J Nfhopapd; fU xt;nthU gbepiyahf tsh;fpd;wJ vd;gij czh;e;jpUe;jhYk;> me;j gbepiyfisg; gw;wpa ve;j tpguq;fisAk; mth; jutpy;iy.  fUtpay; rhpj;jpuj;jpNyNa ekf;Fj; njhpe;j tiu> gz;zpnuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L tiu gbepiyfs;> gFg;Gf;fs; gw;wp kpfTk; FiwthfNt njhpe;jpUe;jJ.  ,jd; fhuzkhfNt> kdpj fU gw;wp jpUf;Fh;Mdpy; fhzg;gLk; tpguq;fs; Vohk; E}w;whz;by; epytpa mwptpay; mwpit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ vd;W $w KbahJ.  ,e;j tpguq;fs; K`k;kJ mth;fSf;F my;yh`;tpdhy; ,wf;fp mUs; nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;gNj mwpT G+h;tkhd KbthFk;.  mth; me;j tpguq;fis njhpe;jpUf;fNt KbahJ.  Vnddpy; mth; fy;tp fw;fhj ve;jnthU mwptpay; gapw;rpAk; ,y;yhj kdpjh;.

ePq;fs; nrhy;tJ cz;ikjhd;> MdhYk; jpUf;Fh;Md; kw;Wk; `jPJfspypUe;J ehq;fs; jq;fSf;F mspj;j fUtpay; rk;ge;jkhd cz;ik kw;Wk; Mjhuj;NjhL xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ jhq;fs; mspj;j tpguq;fs; kpf kpf FiwthdJ. MfNt> jhq;fs; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;w ,e;j Jiw rk;ge;jkhd midj;J jpUf;Fh;Md; trdq;fisAk; egp nkhopfisAk; ntspr;rj;jpw;F nfhz;L te;J Vd; ePjp nra;af;$lhJ? vd mtiuf; Nfl;Nlhk;.

epGzj;Jtk; kpf;f mwptpay; Gj;jfk; xd;wpy; jFe;j gy ,lq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd gy Fwpg;Gf;fis Nrh;j;jpUg;gjhf Nguhrphpah; %h; mth;fs; gjpyspj;jhh;. MapDk;> ,];yhk; ,J gw;wp $Wgitfis Gj;jfj;jpy Nrh;g;gjw;F ek;ik mioj;Js;shh;. ,J rk;ge;jg;gl;l midj;J jpUkiw trdq;fisAk; `jPJfisAk; NkYk; mitfspd; gy;NtW mw;Gj jd;ikfisAk; Nfhbl;L fhl;LkhWk; mitfis me;j Gj;jfj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; Nrh;g;gjw;fhfTk; $wpdhh;.

,J epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.  ,e;j ,];yhkpa Nrh;g;Gf;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;l mtUila Gj;jf gpujpf;F mth; Kd;Diu vOjpAs;shh;. mijj;jhd; jhq;fs; jq;fs; Kd; fhz;fpd;wPh;fs;. fUtpay; gw;wpa mwptpay; cz;ikfs; tUk; xt;nthU gf;fj;jpYk;> mJ rk;ge;jkhd jpUkiw trdq;fisAk; `jPJfisAk; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bAs;Nshk;. jpUkiw Fh;Mdpw;Fk; egpnkhopfSf;Fk; ,izahf vJTk; ,y;iy vd;gij ,J ep&gpf;fpd;wJ.  Gjpa jsq;fspYs;s ePjpkpf;f ghuhgl;rkw;w kdpjh;fspd; %isfspy; ,];yhk; Eioe;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;gij ehk; jw;NghJ fz;L nfhz;bUf;fpd;Nwhk;.

Fig. 4.5