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;kdpjd;
jd;idr; Rw;wp cs;sitfspy; jdJ ftj;ijr; nrYj;jp mtw;iw Muha;e;J ghHf;FkhW>
,];yhk; gFj;jwptpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp kdpjDf;F vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. ,];yhk;
gutpa rpy ehl;fspNyNa kpfg; nghpa ehfhPfq;fSk;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fSk; cUthfp
kdpj Fyj;jpw;F jdJ Nritiaj; njhlu Muk;gpj;J tpl;lJ. fpof;F kw;Wk; Nkw;F
ehLfspDila fUj;Jf;fs; xd;wpize;J> gioatw;Wld; Gjpaitfs; NrHe;J nfhs;s>
kUj;Jtk;> fzpjk;> ,aw;gpay;> thdtpay;> Gtpapay;> fl;blf; fiy> fiy> ,yf;fpak;
kw;Wk; tuyhW Mfpatw;wpy; Gjpa Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfis ntspf; nfhz;L te;jJ. ,tw;wpy;
kpfTk; fbdkhd Fwpf;fzf;fpay; (Algebra)
>
mugpa vz; fzpjk;> irgiu
(0)
g; gw;wpa fz;Lgpbg;G (fzpjj;jpNyNa
irgiug; gw;wpa fz;Lgpbg;G kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtd; tha;e;jJ) ,itfs; ahTk; K];ypk;
cyfj;jpypUe;J jhd; INuhg;gpa cyfk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. INuhg;gpaHfspd; flw;gazf;
fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;F K];ypk;fs; fz;Lgpbj;j m];l;uhNyg;
(Astrolabe) vd;Dk;
fUtp> Nfhzj;ijAk; cauj;ijAk; msf;f cjTk; f;thl;Nuz;l
(Quadrant);
vd;Dk; fUtp> flw; gazj;jpw;fhd tiu glq;fs; Mfpaitfs; etPd mwptpay;
tsHr;rpf;F Kd;ghf INuhg;gpa cyfj;jpw;F K];ypk;fs; fz;Lgpbj;Jf; nfhLj;j
kpfTk; gaDs;s mwptpay; fUtpfshFk;. K];ypk;fs; md;W fz;Lgpbj;Jj; je;j mwptpay;
fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; jhf;fk>; ,d;iwa etPd mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;gfspYk; njhlHfpwJ
vdyhk;.
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