,];yhkpa vOr;rpapd; iky;fw;fs;

MrphpaH : \`Pj; nra;apj; FJhg; (u`;)

nkhopg;ngaHg;G : M. Fyhk; K`k;kJ> ntspapL : ,yf;fpar;Nrhiy

\`Pj; nra;apj; FJhg; (u`;) mth;fspd; tho;f;if

xU jk;gpahUk; %d;W rNfhjhpfSkhth;. nra;apj; FJg; mth;fspd; cld; gpwe;j K`k;kj; FJg; mth;fSk; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fisg; NghyNt ,];yhj;ij ,yl;rpakhff; nfhz;L tho;e;j ,d;Wk; tho;e;J tUk; ,];yhkpag; NguwpQh;. ,tuJ rNfhjhpfs; `kPjh FJg;> Mkpdh FJg; MfpNwhuhth;. (,tuJ %d;whtJ rNfhjhpapd; ngah; njhpatpy;iy). FLk;gj;jpy; %j;jth; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fNs. jdJ %j;j kfd; jpUf;Fh;Mid kdg;ghlk; nra;J> kpf mofpa Fuypy; mjid XjpLk; Xh; xg;gw;w fhhpahfj; jpfo;e;jpl Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdhh;fs; /ghj;jpkh `_ird; c];khd; mth;fs;. ,jdhy; jd; jiykfidj; jpUf;Fh;MNdhL gpizj;jhh;fs;. ,e;j md;G kfDk; md;idapd; me;j Miria epiwT nra;jpl jpUf;Fh;Mid Kad;W fw;W kddk; nra;jhh;fs;. MdhYk; Xir eaj;jpy; xa;ahuk; rw;W FiwthfNt ,Ue;jJ. jhahh; kfid jpUf;Fh;MNdhL gpizj;jhh;fs; vd;why; je;ij kfid kWikiag; gw;wpa vz;zq;fshy; %o;fr; nra;jhh;fs;. tptrhaj;ijj; njhopyhff; nfhz;l nra;apj; FJg; mth;fspd; je;ijahh; kWikia Kd;Nd fz;L tho;gtiug; NghnyhU tho;f;ifia tho;e;jhh;fs;. je;ij jd; tho;f;ifia mikj;jtpjk; kfid kWikapd; epue;ju epiditg; ngw;wtdhf khw;wpw;W. ,e;j vz;zj;ij ,jaj;jpNy Rke;Jjd; gs;spg;gbg;ig Jtf;f epiyf; fy;tpia jhd; jto;e;J tsh;e;j fpuhkj;jpNyNa Jtq;fpdhh;fs;. Muk;gf;fy;tpia Mh;tj;NjhL fw;whh;fs;. gs;spapd; Kjy; khztdhfj; jpfo;e;jhh;fs;. fy;tpapy; jiy epkph;e;J te;j nra;apj;FJg; mth;fis vg;ghL gl;lhfpDk; jhUy; cYhk; (,g;Nghija nfa;Nuh gy;fiyf;fofk;),y; cah; fy;tpf;F mDg;g tpioe;jdh; ngw;Nwhh;. md;iwa ehl;fspy; jhUy; cYhk; ,y; Nru tpUk;GNthh; jh[; frpah jhUy; cYhk; vd;w fy;tp epiyaj;jpy; jq;fs; Kd; gbg;ig Kbj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jf; fy;tp epiyaj;jpy; Kd; gbg;ig Kbj;jpl Ntz;Lkhapd; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fspd; FLk;gj;jpdh; jq;fs; nrhe;j fpuhkj;ij tpl;Ltpl;L ,e;jf;fy;tp epiyak; ,Uf;Fk; ,lkhd `y;thd; vd;Dkplj;jpy; te;J jq;fpl Ntz;bajhapw;W. ,/J gSthdNjhh; ghijnad;whYk; kfdpd; Kd;Ndw;wq;fUjp ,e;jg; ghijiaj; Njh;e;njLj;J nra;apj; FJg; mth;fspd; ngw;Nwhh;fs; `y;thd; ,y; te;J jq;fpdhh;fs;. gs;spg;gbg;ig Kbj;Jtpl;L jhUy; cYhkpy; Nrh;e;jhh;fs; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs;. my; m];fh; khh;f;ff; fy;tpapd; khh;gplk;. jhUy; cYhk; jw;fhy fiyfisf; fw;W fy;tpj;jFjpapd; mbg;gilapy; muR gzpfisg; gw;wpf; nfhs;s ghijg; Nghl;Lj; jUk; gy;fiyf;fofk;. 1929,y; jhUy; cYhk; fyhrhiyapy; jd; gl;lg;gbg;igj; Jtq;fpdhh;fs; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs;. 1933,y; gp.V (B.A in Education) fy;tpj;Jiwapy; ,sepiyg; gl;lg;gbg;ig Kbj;jhh;fs;. nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; ngw;wpUe;j mwpT Kjph;r;rpapd; mbg;gilapy; mth;fs; ,f; fy;YhpapNyNa Nguhrphpauhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. jhUy; cYhk; vd;w nfa;Nuh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; mth; Nguhrphpauha; gzpahw;wpaf;fhyj;jpy; mth; jd;Dila jpwikfis ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;. Nkiyehl;L tsh;r;rpfisf; fz;L mtw;iwg; nghpjhfg; Nghw;wpa mg;gh]; K`k;kj; my; mf;fhj;Jk; ,Nj nfa;Nuh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gzpahw;wpdhh;. ,e;j Nkiy ehl;L Nkhfp my; mf;fhj;jhy; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fSk; Nkiyehl;L tsh;r;rpfshy; ftug;gl;lhh;fs;. mg;gh]; K`k;kj; my; mf;fhj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpd; fPo; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; Nkiyehl;Lg; gz;ghLfisAk; nghpjhfg; ghh;j;jhh;fs;. Mq;fpy nkhopapd; Nky; myhjpahdNjhh; md;ig tsh;j;jhh;fs;. ghly;fs;> ,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;> fl;Liufs;> fijfs; ,g;gbg;gytw;iwAk; vOjp kf;fisf; fth;e;jhh;fs;. Vd; mjpfhhpfisAk; Nrh;j;Jj; jhd; jd; vOj;jpd; tiyapy; tpo itj;jhh;fs;. nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; jhUy; cYhkpy; ,Ue;jpLk; NghJ vOj;Jj; JiwapYk; fy;tpj; JiwapYk; fhl;ba Mh;tj;jhy; mth;fs; fy;tpf; $lq;fspd; fz;fhzpg;ghsh; vd gjtp cah;Tr; nra;ag;gl;lhh;fs;. md;iwf;F vfpg;jpy; tPw;wpUe;j Mq;fpNyah;fspd; vLgpb muR nra;apj; FJg; mth;fis ed;whfg; gad;gLj;jplj; jpl;lkpl;lJ.

Ø xd;W `]d; my; gd;dh vd;w ngah;

Ø ,d;ndhd;W ,`;thDy; K];yp%d; vd;w ngah;

jpUf;Fh;Mid mikg;G eph;zar;rl;lkhff; nfhz;l Ml;rp ,q;Nf mikAk; tiu ehk; ,e;j ,yl;rpaj;jpw;fhf ciog;Nghk;. ,d;Nwy; ,e;j Kaw;rpapy; ,wg;Nghk;. vd;w `]d; my; gd;dhtpd; njspTk; JzpTk; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; kpfTk; Mog;gjpe;jd. my;Yk; gfYk; ,e;j yl;rpa Jbg;G mth;fSs; vjpnuhypj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jJ. ,`;thDy; K];yp%dpy; jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhz;l gpd;dhy; jd; tho;tpy; GjpaNjhh; gpbg;Gk; Vd; tho;fpd;Nwhk; vd;w tpdhTf;fhd gjpYk; fpilj;jjhf czh;e;jhh;fs; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs;. (1942 – 1943 ,y; ntspehl;Lg; gapw;rpf;fhf NkiyehLfspy; gapw;rpf;fhf nrd;w nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; 1945,y; vfpg;J jpUk;gpdhh;fs; mNj Mz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; jhd; ,`;thDy; K];yp%d; ,af;fj;jpYk; ,ize;jhh;fs;). ,uz;lhk; cyfkfh Aj;jk; Kbe;jJk; vfpg;ijj; jq;fs; mbikj;jisapypUe;J tpLtpj;J tpLtjhf thf;fspe;jpUe;jdh; Nkiyehl;L Vfhjpgjpfs;. tof;fk; Nghy; Vkhw;wpdhh;fs;. vjph;j;jhh;fs; ,`;thDy; K];yp%d; ,af;fj;jth;fs;. ,e;j ,`;thd;fisf; fhufpUfq;fspy; milj;Jr; rpj;jputijg;gLj;jpdhh;fs; me;j Mjpf;fthjpfs;. ,];uhaPy; vd;nwhU ehl;il cUthf;fpdhh;fs;. /gy];jPdj;jpy;. ,jw;F If;fpa ehLfs; rigAk; mq;fPfhuk; je;jJ. clNd ,khk; `]d; my; gd;dh mth;fs; cyf K];ypk; ehLfis Nehf;fp If;fpa ehLfs; rigapypUe;J ntspNaWq;fs;. ,];uhaPYf;F vjpuhfTk; mjw;Fj; Jizahf te;jhy; ,e;j cyf Mjpf;fthjpfSf;F vjpuhfTk; [p`hj; mwptpAq;fs; vd miw$tp mioj;jhh;fs;. njhlh;e;J ,];uhaPYf;F vjpuhf ele;j [p`hjpy; ,`;thd;fs; fye;J nfhz;lhh;fs;. ,jpy; ,`;thd;fs; ntspf;fhl;ba tPuj;ij ,];yhkpa fy;tp vd;w Ehypd; %yk; mwpayhk;. ,dp ,`;thd;fis tpl;L itj;jhy; jq;fs; jpl;lq;fs; vfpg;jpy; muq;NfwhJ vd;gijf; fz;L nfhz;l Nkiyehl;lth;fs; ,`;thDy; K];yp%d; ,af;fj;jpd; jiyth; Kh;\pNj Mk; ,khk; `]d; my; gd;dh mth;fis nfhiy nra;jplj; jpl;lk; jPl;bdhh;fs;. 1949Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthp khjk; 12Mk;ehs; ,e;jj; jpl;lj;ijf; F&ukha;r; nray;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. mjhtJ 1949Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthp khjk; 12Mk; ehs; Kh;\pNj Mk; ,khk; `]d; my; gd;dh mth;fs; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;fs; (my;yh`; mth;fSf;F Rth;f;fj;ijj; jUthdhf) ehL KOtJk; ,`;thd;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. rpj;jputijfSf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. Kh;\pNj Mk; ,khk; `]d; my; gd;dh mth;fSf;Fg; gpd; ,`;thDy; K];yp%d; ,af;fj;jpd; jiyikg; nghWg;G `]d; my; Fijgp mth;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;Jy; fhjh; mt;jh mth;fs; Kjd;ikr; nrayhsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. 1952 Mk; Mz;L tiu nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; ,`;thDy; K];yp%d; ,af;fj;jpd; rhjhuz njhz;luhfNt gzpahw;wpdhh;fs;. Mdhy; me;j ,af;fj;jpd; gzpfspy; jd;id KOikahf <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;fs;. 1952,y; ,`;thd;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l rpiwr;rhiy rpj;jputijfs; Xh; KbTf;F te;jd. ,e;j Mz;by; jhd; vfpg;jpy; epiy nfhz;bUe;j kd;duhl;rp ,lwptplg;gl;lJ. 1952 Mk; Mz;L nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; ,;`;thDy; K];yp%d; ,af;fj;jpd; gpur;rhu FOj; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. 1953 khh;r; khjj;jpy; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; lkh];f]_f;F mDg;gg;gl;lhh;fs;. mq;F ele;j rKjha ey;tho;T khehl;by;> rKjhag; Gul;rpf;F xOf;fg; Gul;rpNa Kjw;fy; vDk; jiyg;gpy; Ngrpdhh;fs;. 1953 brk;ghpy; N[hh;lhd; nrd;W te;jhh;fs;> ,`;thDy; K];yp%d; ,af;fj;jpd; rhh;gpy;. 1954Mk; Mz;L ,`;thDy; K];yp%d; ,af;fk; elj;jpa ,`;thDy; K];yp%d; vd;w gj;jphpf;ifapd; Mrphpauhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; Mrphpauhfp ,uz;L jpq;fs; foptjw;Fs; [khy; mg;Jy; ehrhpd; muR ,e;jg; gj;jphpf;ifiaj; jil nra;jJ. mjhtJ 1954Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; jpq;fs; 10Mk; ehs; ,e;jg; gj;jphpf;if jil nra;ag;gl;lJ. [khy; mg;Jy; ehrh; 7.7.1954 Mk; Mz;L Mq;fpNyah;fNshL Xh; xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;. ,e;j xg;ge;jk; Mq;fpNyh vfpg;J xg;ge;jk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. vfpg;jpd; Fbkf;fisAk; vfpg;jpd; ,aw;if tsq;fisAk; me;epaUf;Fj; jhiuthh;j;jpLk; ,e;j xg;ge;jj;ij ,`;thDy; K];yp%d; ,af;fj;jth;fs; vjph;j;jhh;fs;. my;yh`;tpd; rl;lq;fspd; Ml;rp jhd; Ntz;Lk; muG Njrpathjk; Ntz;lhk; cyf K];ypk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; jhd; Ntz;Lk; vdg; NgRfpd;whh;fs; ,`;thd;fs;. ,th;fs; vd; Ml;rpiaf; ftpo;f;f rjp nra;fpd;whh;fs; vd;nwy;yhk; Fw;wq;$wp [khy; mg;Jy; ehrh; ,`;thDy; K];yp%d; ,af;fj;ijj; jil nra;jhh;. ehL KOtJk; ,`;thd;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwfspy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. ,`;thd;fspd; caph; cilik khdk; ,itnay;yhk; gq;fg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,g;gbf; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L nfhl;lbapy; milf;fg;gl;L rpj;jputijr; nra;ag;gl;lth;fSs; nra;apj FJg; mth;fSk; xUth;. nra;apj; FJg; mth;fis mbf;fb Jd;GWj;Jthh;fs;. rpyehs; Nfhl;il n[apy; rpy ehs; ,uhZt n[apy; vd;nwy;yhk; khw;wpr; rpj;jputijr; nra;jhh;fs;. my;`p[hg; vd;w rphpahtpypUe;J ntsptUk; thu ,jo; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; rpj;jputijf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;l tuyhw;iw ,g;gb tUzpf;fpd;wJ. nra;apj; FJg; mth;fisf; ifJ nra;jpl ,uhZt mjpfhhpfs; te;jdh;. jhq;nfhz;zh cly; eypthy; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; jpf;FKf;fhbf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. fbdkhd fha;r;ry;. ,e;epiyapy; mth;fSila iffs; rq;fpypahy; gpizf;fg;gl;ld. rpiwthry; Nehf;fp ,Oj;Nj nrd;whh;fs;. nra;apj; FJg; mth;fspd; eil js;shba NghJ mbj;J cijj;J ,Oj;jhh;fs;. rpiwthry; Nehf;fp ele;J nfhz;bUe;j NghJ ,Oj;Jr; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j NghJ je;j njhy;iyfs; jhq;fhky; %h;r;irahfp fPNo tpOthh;fs;. kPz;Lk; epidT te;jJk;> my;yh`_ mf;gh;> ypy;yh`py; `k;j; - my;yh`;Nt nghpatd;. vy;yhg; GfOk; my;yh`;Tf;Nf vd;w nrhw;fis cjph;j;J my;yh`;it Jjpj;jtz;zkhfNt ,Ue;jhh;fs;. n[apy; thrypy; mth;fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;lTld; n[apy; mjpfhhpfs; mth;fis mbj;jhh;fs;. ,g;gb Rkhh; ,uz;L kzp Neuk; nfhLikg;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. n[apy; tshfj;jpw;Fs; ed;whfg; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l (my;Nrrpad;)eha; xd;iwf; nfhz;L te;J nra;apj; FJg; mth;fspd; njhiliaf; ft;tpaJ. nra;apj; FJg; mth;fspd; njhilia thapy; ft;tpa tz;zk; me;j eha; rpiwtshfj;jpw;Fs; Rw;wpr;Rw;wp te;jJ. ,e;jr; rpj;jputijfSf;Fg; gpd;dh; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; Xh; fhujpUfj;jpy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. mq;F VO kzp Neuk; ,uhZt mjpfhhpfshy; tprhuizf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;lhh;fs;. ,g;gbr; rpiwapy; gLj;jpag;ghl;by; mth;fs; cly; js;shbj; jiuapNy tPo;e;jJ vd;whYk; mth;fs; Fd;wha; epd;whh;fs;. ,it Nghy; vj;jidNah tpjkhd rpj;jputijfs; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; Nky; kioaha;g; nghope;jd. mj;jidapYk; mth;fs;> my;yh`_ mf;gh;> ypy;yh`py; `k;j; - my;yh`;Nt nghpatd;. vy;yhg; GfOk; my;yh`;Tf;Nf vd;Nw nkhope;J nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. ,jpy; mth;fs; xUtpj MWjiyAk; mikjpiaAk; ngw;whh;fs;. ,uT Neuj;jpy; mth;fs; mz;ltpayhj mstpy; Kilehw;wk; tPRk; Xh; miwapy; milf;fg;gLthh;fs;. mjpfhiyapy; rpj;jputijf;fhf ,Oj;Jtug;gLthh;fs;. ,g;gbj; njhlh;e;J te;j Ntjidfshy; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fspd; cly; Kw;whfg; gho;gl;lJ. ,jw;Fnky; mtuJ cly; jhq;fhJ vd;w epiyapy; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; 1955 Nk jpq;fs; 3Mk; ehs; ,uhZt kUj;Jtkidapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. ,e;epiyapy; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fspd; fhy;fs; iffs; kuj;Jg;Nghapd. neQ;R typahy; mth;fs; my;Yk; gfYk; Jbj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhh;fs;. ,Ue;jhYk; my;yh`;Nt nghpatd; vy;yhg;GfOk; my;yh`;Tf;Nf vdr; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhh;fs;. a+Rg; my; M[k; vd;w nra;apj; FJg; mth;fspd; khzth; xUth; ,g;gbf; $Wfpd;whh;: #lhd jz;zPh; rpy Neuk; mth;fs; Nky; nfhl;lg;gLk;. ,d;Dk; rpy Neuk; kpfTk; Fsph;e;j jz;zPh; mth;fs; Nky; nfhl;lg;gLk;. jz;zPiuf; nfhl;bf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ iffshy; ,bg;ghh;fs;. fhy;fshy; cijg;ghh;fs;. kpff; Nftykhd nrhw;fshy; VRthh;fs;. kpfTk; Nftykhd iriffisf; fhl;b ieahz;b nra;J rphpg;ghh;fs;. ,j;jidapYk; nfhs;ifapy; nfhz;l cWjp rw;Wk; Fiyahky; epd;whh;fs; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs;. 1955 Mk; Mz;L Nk jpq;fs; 13 Mk; ehs; Vfhjpgj;jpa Nkiy ehLfspd; vLgpbaha;r; nray;gl;l vfpg;J ePjpkd;wk; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fSf;F 15 Mz;L fLq;fhty; jz;lid toq;fpw;W. ,e;j ehspy; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; ePjpkd;wk; nry;ytpy;iy. fhuzk; mth;fs; js;shj Nehahy; kUj;Jtkidapy; gLj;j gLf;ifahff; fple;jhh;fs;. ,e;j 15 Mz;L fLq;fhty; jz;lidj; jug;gl;L Kjyhk; Mz;L Kbe;jJ. Ml;rpahsh; [khy; mg;Jy; ehrhpd; JhJth; xUth; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fisr; rpiwapy; re;jpf;f te;jhh;. mth; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fsplk; gpd;tUk; KiwaPl;il itj;jhh;. nra;apj; FJg; mth;fNs ePq;fs; kd;dpg;G Nfl;L rpythpfis vOjpj; je;J tpLq;fs;. mjid ehq;fs; gj;jphpiffspy; gpuRhpf;fpd;Nwhk;. mJ gpuRukhdTld; cq;fis tpLtpj;J tpLfpd;Nwhk;. ePq;fs; ,e;jr; rpiwr;rhiyapd; rpj;jputijfspypUe;J tpLgl;L tplyhk;. tPl;by; epk;kjpahf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,jw;F nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; je;j gjpy; tuyhw;wpy; itu thpfshf Xuhapuk; nra;apj; FJg;fis cUthf;fpLk; td;ikAk; jpz;ikAk; ngw;wJ. me;epahaj;jpw;Fs;shf;fg;gl;lth;fs;> mepahaj;ij tho;f;if topahff; nfhz;lth;fsplk; kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;bl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ tpe;ijahdJ. my;yh`;it Kd;dpWj;jpf; $Wfpd;Nwd;. kd;dpg;igf; NfhUk; xNu xU nrhy; vd;idf; fhg;ghw;wpLk; vd;whYk; mjid ehd; nrhy;yj; jahuhf ,y;iy. vd;idg; gilj;j vd; my;yh`;tpd; Kd; ehd;> mtid re;jpf;f tpUk;Gk; Kfj;NjhL mtd; vd;idg; nghUe;jpf; nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpNyNa (ehd;) rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLtij tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;. my;yh`;tpd; mofpa mbik nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; je;j ,e;jg; gjpiyr; Rke;J nrd;W Ml;rpahsh; [khy; mg;Jy; ehrh; Kd; rkh;g;gpj;jhh; me;j JhJ te;j Vtyh;. /gph;mt;dpd; thhpR vd;W jd;idg; gpufldg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L vfpg;jpy; ,];yhj;ij ,yl;rpakhff; nfhz;Nlhiuf; nfhd;W Ftpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j [khy; mg;Jy; ehrh; ,e;jg; gjpiyf;Nfl;L mjph;e;jhh;. ,J Nghd;w Ml;rp Rfq;nfhz;l mePjpahsh;fs; jq;fs; Kaw;rpfis rhjhuzkhf Klf;fpg; Nghl;L tplkhl;lhh;fs;. ,];yhj;ij ,yl;rpakhff; nfhz;L thOk; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fsplk; kd;dpg;G vd;nwhU nrhy;iyg; ngw;wpl vd;d tpiyAk; jUtJ vd KbT fl;bdhh; ,th;. kd;dpg;G Nfl;L tpLq;fs;. vfpg;J ehl;bd; fy;tp mikr;rh; gjtpia cq;fsplk; xg;gilj;J tpLfpd;Nwd; vd;nwhU Miriaf; fhl;b jd;Dila Jhjiu mDg;gpdh; /gph;mt;dpd; thhpR [khy; mg;Jy; ehrh;. ,jw;F nfhs;if NfhNkjfk; nra;;apj; FJg; mth;fs; je;j gjpy;> vd;idr; rpiw gpbj;jJk; rpj;jputijg; gLj;jpaJk; epahae;jhd;. mJ my;yh`;tpd; ehl;le;jhd; vd;why; ehd; rQ;ryg;gltpy;iy. vd;id rpiwgpbj;jJk; rpj;jputijg; gLj;jpaJk; nksl;Bfe;jhd; vd;why; ehd; ,e;j my;yh`;tpd; vjphpfsplk; kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;fj; jahuhf ,y;iy. fy;tpj; Jiwia KOikahf ,];yhkpa kakhf;fpLk; ,yl;rpa Ml;rpapd; fPo; kl;LNk ehd; mikr;rh; gjtpfisg; gw;wp Nahrpj;jpl ,aYk;. fhyq;fs; efh;e;jd. rpiwf; nfhLikfNshL tho nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; gofpf; nfhz;lhh;fs;. nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; fhl;ba cWjp rw;Wk; Fiwatpy;iy. NtW topapy;yhky; Ml;rpahsh;fs; jhk; rw;W ,wq;fp tu Ntz;bajhapw;W. rpiwapy; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; Nky; gputhfnkLj;J Xba rpj;jputijfs; nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf fLikf;Fd;wpd. Ehy;fisg; gbf;f mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhh;fs; nra;apj; FJhg; mth;fs;. gpd;dh; vOjTk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. ,e;jg; gpe;ija tha;g;gpid ed;whfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;fs; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs;. rpiwr;rhiyapd; Fiwe;j trjpiag; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhz;lhh;fs; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs;. rpiwr;rhiyapd; Fiwe;j trjpiag; gad;gLj;jpj;jhd; ,d;W cs;Sth; cs;snky;yhk; ctiff; nfhs;Sk; mstpy; jpUf;Fh;Mdpd; epoypy;.. vd;w ngahpy; jpUf;Fh;Mdpd; jpt;tpa trdq;fSf;F mwpthokpf;f njspTiufis ms;spj; je;jhh;fs;. ,e;jj; jpUf;Fh;Md; tpsf;fk; ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpa cyfpw;Ff;fpilj;j fpilj;jw;fhpa nghf;fp\k;. 10 Mz;LfSf;Fj; njhlHe;J rpiwapypUg;gth;fis mth;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; jz;lidf; fhyk; vt;tsthf ,Ue;jhYk; tpLtpj;J tpLtJ vfpg;J ehl;bd; rpiw tpjp. ,e;j mbg;gilapy; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; tpLtpf;fg;gltpUe;jhh;fs;. 1954 ,y; ifJ nra;ag;gl;l ,th; 1964Mk; Mz;L tiu rpiwapy; thbdhh;fs;. 1964,y; vfpg;jpd; rpiw tpjpfspd;gb ,th; tpLtpf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk; 1964,y; vfpg;J ehl;Lf;F rpwg;G tpUe;jpduhf tUif je;j <uhf; ehl;bd; Ml;rpj; jiyth; mg;Jy; ryhk; Mhpg; mth;fs; Ntz;bf; nfhz;ljd; mbg;gilapy; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;fs;. rpiwapypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhh;fs; vd;whYk; fhty;Jiwapd; fLikahd fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo; itf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. ,e;epiyapy; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fspd; Ehy; kMypk; /gpy; jhhPf; (Milestones) ,];yhkpa vOr;rpapd; iky;fw;fs; vd;w ,e;Ehy; ntspte;jJ. ,J fw;wth;fspilNa xU ngUk; gugug;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ngUk;ghNyhh; ,e;j Ehiy /gpuQ;R ehl;by; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhf kf;fisf; fpsh;e;njor; nra;j kpuhg+tpd; vOj;Jf;fSf;F xg;gpl;lhh;fs;. fw;wwpe;j tl;lhuq;fspy; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fis vfpg;jpd; kpuhg+ vd miof;f Muk;gpj;jhh;fs;. ,J MSk; th;f;fj;jpdiu cYf;fp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf vOe;J tUk; ,];yhkpa miy [khy; mg;Jy; ehriu mr;RWj;jp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; jhd; 1964Mk; Mz;L khh;r; khjk; 24Mk; ehs; vfpg;J muR Xh; mtrur; rl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jJ. ,e;j mtrur; rl;lk; toq;Fk; (119 of 1964) tprhykhd mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; muR ahiu Ntz;LkhdhYk; ifJ nra;ayhk;. mg;gbf; ifJ nra;ag;gLgth;fs; ePjpkd;wq;fspy; M[h; gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;wpy;iy. muR tpUk;Gk; tpjj;jpy; tprhuiz elj;jyhk;. mNj Nghy; ifJ nra;ag;gLgth;fspd; cilikfisAk; ifg;gw;wpLk; mjpfhuk; muRf;F cz;L. ,e;jr; rl;lk; mwptpf;fg;gl;l gpd;dh; [khy; mg;Jy; ehrh; u\;ah nrd;whh;. u\;ahtpy; gj;jphpiffSf;Fg; Ngl;bf; nfhLj;jpLk;NghJ ,e;j Kiw ,`;thd;fis tpl;L itf;fg;Nghtjpy;iy vdf; fh;[pj;jhh;. mth; fh;[id ntspNa tUk; NghJ ,`;thDy; K];yp%d; ,af;fj;ijr; Nrh;e;j rNfhjuh;fs; midtUk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L tpl;lhh;fs;. nra;apj; FJg; mth;fNshL mth;fSila rNfhjuh; K`k;kj; FJg; rNfhjhpfs; Mkpdh FJg;> `kPjh FJg; MfpNahUk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;fs;. Ml;rpahsh; ehrhpd; KOf;NfhgKk; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; Nky; tPo;e;jJ. nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; kPJ Ml;rpiaf; ftpo;f;fj; jpl;lk; jPl;b nray;gl;lhh; vdg; gop Rkj;jg;gl;lJ. nra;apj; FJg; mth;fisg; gfpuq;fkhd tprhuizf;F cl;gLj;jg; Nghtjhf mwptpj;jhh;fs;. gpd;dh; tprhuiz ufrpakhfNt elj;jg;gLk; vd;whh;fs;. mz;il ehLfspypUe;Jk; vfpg;jpypUe;Jk; vj;jidNah tof;fwpQh;fs; ,`;thd;fSf;fhf Fwpg;ghf nra;apj; FJg; mth;fSf;fhf thjhl Kd; te;jhh;fs;. ahiuAk; mDkjpf;ftpy;iy muR. ,ufrpakhf elj;jg; ngw;w ,e;j tprhuizapy; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fspd; ,Wjp Ehyhfpa ,e;Ehypy; ,Ue;Nj gy gFjpfs; vLf;fg;gl;L Fw;wg;gj;jphpif jahh; nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. (,e;j tprhuizapd; xU gFjpia Ehypd; gpw;gFjpapy; ,lk; ngwr; nra;Js;Nshk;) tprhuizapd; ,Wjpapy; vfpg;jpd; ,uhZt ePjpkd;wk; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fSf;Fk; ,d;Dk; ,uz;L ,`;thd;fSf;Fk; kuz jz;lid toq;fpw;W. 1966 Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; jpq;fs; 25Mk; ehs; mjpfhiyapy; nra;apj; FJg; mth;fs; Jhf;fpyplg;gl;lhh;fs;. (my;yh`;tplkpUe;Nj te;Njhk; mtdplNk jpUk;GNthk;) \`Pj; nra;apj; FJg; (u`;) mth;fspd; jpahfj;jpy; my;yh`; jpUg;jpAk; kfpo;r;rpAk; nfhs;thdhf MkPd;.

,e;EhYf;F \`Pj; nra;apj; FJg; (u`;) mth;fs; toq;fpa Kd;Diu

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K];ypk;fs; nra;a Ntz;baJ vd;d?

· ve;jr; rKjhaj;jpd; rpe;jid Kw;whf ,];yhj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wNjh

· ve;jr; rKjhaj;jpd; tho;f;if Kw;whf ,];yhj;jpd; topfhl;Ljypd; top mike;jpUf;fpd;wNjh

· ve;jr; rKjhaj;jpd; ,q;fpjq;fs; ,];yhj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wNjh

· ve;jr; rKjhaj;jpy; tof;FfSk; gpzf;FfSk; my;yh`;Tk; mtDila jpUj;JhjUk; toq;fpaijf; nfhz;L jPh;f;fg;gLfpd;wdNth

· ve;jr; rKjhaj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghLfs; ,];yhj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wdNth

· ve;jr; rKjhaj;jpd; ,d;gKk; Jd;gKk; ,];yhj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wdNth

(1) Gul;rp – jpUf;Fh;Mdpd; topapy;

(2) ,];yhkpa Nfhl;ghLfSk; fyhr;rhuKk;

(3) my;yh`;tpd; topapy; Nghh;

(4) K];ypk; rKjhaj;jpd; Gduikg;Gk; mjd; ,ay;GfSk;