vfpg;J - my; m];fH gy;fiyf;fofk;

muG tisFlhtpy; <uhf;fpw;F vjpuhd kpfg; nghpa NghH xd;iw ,];yhkpa vjphpfs; elj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghOJ> ,];yhkpa cyfpy; kpfg; nghpa vOr;rp xd;W eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. ,e;j ,];yhkpa vOr;rpapy; vfpg;jpd; [hkpM my; m];fH gy;fiyf;fof khztHfs; mlf;FKiw Ml;rpahsHfSf;F vjpuhf kpfg; nghpa fpsHr;rpapy; <Lgl;L tUfpd;whHfs;. ,e;jf; fpsHr;rpahdJ mnkhpf;f mbtUbahd vfpg;jpd; [dhjpgjp N`h];dp Kghuf;iff; $l rw;W jLkhw itj;J> mnkhpf;f epiyg;ghl;bypUe;J rw;W gpd;thq;f itj;Js;sJ. vdNt> me;j my; m];fH gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;ig ,q;F jUfpd;Nwhk;.

fp.gp. 969 y; ghjpkp Ml;rpahsuhd K,]; vd;gthpd; jsgjp [t;`H vfpg;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa mNj Mz;by; fh`puh (nfa;Nuh) vDk; efiu epWtp mjid vfpg;jpd; jiyefuhf;fpdhH. mNj Mz;by; nfa;Nuh k];[pj; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l NghJk; ehsiltpy; my; m];`H k];[pj; vd;Nw toq;fg;lyhapw;W. vfpg;jpy; Vw;fdNt gy k];[pj;fs; ,Ue;jd. mit ngUk;ghYk; Rd;dj; ty; [khmj; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;Wk; kf;fs; FOKk; ,lkhf ,Ue;jd. Mjyhy; ghjpkpf;fs; gpd;gw;wk; \pMf; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; Nghjpf;f eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; ikaj; jykhfNt my; m];`H k];[pj; mike;jJ. ngUehs; Kjyhk; rka Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cil tpohf;fis muR Kd;epd;W elj;Jk; NghJ ,k;k];[pij ikakhf itj;Nj elj;jpaJ.

ghjpkp Ml;rpahsuhd my; m]p]; vd;gtuJ fhyj;jpNyNa ,k; k];[pj; fy;tp epiyakhffg; ghpzkpf;f Muk;gpj;jJ. `p[;hp 365 ]gH khjj;jpy; ghjpkp murpd; gpujk; ePjpgjpahff; flikahw;wpa mypgpd; E/khd; my; m];`H k];[pjpy; \pM rl;l %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wp XH ciuahw;wpdhH. ,j;jpdNk my;m];`H gy;fiyf;fofk; Muk;gpj;J itf;fg;gl;l jpdk; vd;W nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ. m]p]pd; mikr;ruhff; filikahw;wpa ,g;D fpy;yp]; vd;gthpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f `p[;hp 378 y; ,k; k];[pjpy; Nghjid elj;Jtjw;fhf rpy rl;l mwpQhfs; (Gf`hf;fs;) epakpf;fg;gl;ldH. mJ Kjy; my; m];`H epiyahd xU fy;Y}hpahf ,aq;f Muk;gpj;jJ. ghjpkpf;fs; fhyj;jpy; my; m];`hpy; rka fy;tpf; khj;jpuNk Nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf ghjpkpkf;fspd; rkaf; Nfhl;ghL fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

fp.gp. 1171 y; (`p[;hp 567) ghjpkpf;fsplkpUe;J Ry;jhd; ryh`{j;jPd; IA+gp Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpa gpd; \pMf; Nfhl;ghl;Lg; Nghjidfs; mq;F jilgl;l NghJk; mjd; fy;tpg; gzp jilapd;wp eilngw;wJ. ,Jfhy tiu eilngw;w \pM rpe;jid topapyhd rka Nghjidf;Fg; gjpyhf kUj;Jtk;> jj;Jttpay;> jHf;f ,ay; Kjyhk; fiyfs; cl;gl Rd;dj; ty; [khmj; rpe;jid topapyhd rka Nghjidfs; ,lk; ngwyhapd. mJKjy; ,J fhyk ;tiu rka ,ay;> rl;lf; fiy> muG nkhop ,ay;> Kjyhk; fy;tp newpfspy; my; m];`H jd; epfuw;w gzpfisg; Ghpe;Js;sJ. fp.gp.1258 Kjy; (`p[;hp 656) ,y; gf;jhjpd; tPo;r;rpAlDk; fp.gp.1231 y; (`p[;hp 633) NfhHNlhthitf; fpwp];jtHfs; ifg;gw;wpaJlDk; K];ypk; cyfpd; fpof;fpYk; Nkw;fpYk; ,Ue;j gpujhd fy;tp epiyaq;fs; nraypof;fyhapd. ,jdhy; my; m];`H fy;Y}hp xd;W khj;jpuNk KO K];ypk; cyifAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; xU gpugy;akhd fy;Y}hpahf fp.gp. 13 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; ,aq;fyhapw;W. K];ypk; cyfpy; Vuhskhd (kj;u]hf;fs;) fy;Y}hpfs; ,aq;fpa NghJk; mit my; m];`hpd; Gfio milatpy;iy. ,jdhy; K];ypk; cyfpd; Nkw;fpy; ,Ue;Jk; fpof;fpy; ,Ue;Jk; gy khzthfs; mq;F te;J jq;fpf; fy;tp gapd;wdH.

K];ypk; cyfpy; gpurpj;jp ngw;w midj;Jf; fy;tp epiyaq;fSk; kj;u]hf;fs; vd;Nw miof;fg;gl;ld. ,it jw;fhy caHjuf; fy;Y}hpfl;F rkkhdit. mq;F toq;fg;gl;l fy;tp , d;iwa gy;fiyf;fof fy;tpf;F epfuhf ,Ue;j NghJk; kj;u]htpd; mikg;G jw;fhy gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; mikg;Gld; xj;Jr; nry;tjhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. K];ypk; ehLfs; INuhg;gpahpd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;l gpd;G jhd; rHtfyhrhiyfs; vd;W ,d;W fUjg;gLtJ Nghd;w fy;tp epiyaq;fs; mwpKfkhapd. Mjyhy; my; m];`hpd; ghlNghjid kj;u]hf;fy;tp mikg;gpy; njhlHe;J ePbj;jJ.

khztHfs; tl;lkhf (`y;fhf;fshf) mkHe;jpUe;jdH. MrphpaH jdJ Mrdj;jpy; mkHe;J ghlk; elj;jpdH. mtUf;F Kd;G tl;ltbtpy; khztH k];[pjpy; mkHe;J ghlk; Nfl;ldH. k];[pjpd; gy Nfhzq;fspy; ,e;j `y;fhf;fs; ,lk; ngw;wd. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L tiu my; m];`hpYk; fy;tpg; Nghjidapd; ,e;eilKiwNa gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

,q;F fy;tp gapd;w ntspehl;L khztHfSf;F jq;Fkpl trjpfs; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd. Fwpj;j xt;nthU ehl;L khztHfSf;F vd;W tpLjp trjpfs; nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd. ,t;tpLjpfs; hpthfh vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldH. xt;nthU hpthfhtpYk; jdp xU ehl;L khztHfs; kl;LNk mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldH. vfpg;jpa khztHfSf;fhd tpLjpfs; vfpg;jpa khfhzq;fspd;mbg;gilapy; mikf;fg;gl;L mk; khfhz khztHfs; mk;khfhzj;jpw;Fhpa tpLjpfspy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldH. xt;nthU hpthfhTk; gy miwfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ntspehl;L khztHfSf;F ,ytr czT trjpfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.

kk;Y}f; Ml;rpapd; nghOJ my; m];`H cr;r tsHr;rp fz;lJ. cJkhdpaHfspd; Ke;E}w;whz;L Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; mjd; tsHr;rp Fd;wpaJ. vdpDk; ,j;Njf;f fhg; gfjpapYk; rka ,ay; Jiwf; fy;tpg; Nghjidiag; nghWj;jtiu my; m];`H Kjd;ik ngw;wpUe;jJ.

ghjpkp Ml;rpapd; NghJ my; m];`hpd; r%f nry;thf;F Nghjpajhf ,uhj NghJk; Rd;dj; ty; [khmj; Nfhl;ghl;bduhf kk;Y}f; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; mjd; nry;thf;F kpifj;jpUe;jJ. my; m];`hpy; fy;tp fw;w khztHfs;> mjd; MrphpaHfs; vfpg;jpa rl;lj; JiwapYk;> ePjpj;JiwapYk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpdH. rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; murpaw; gjtpfspYk; mtHfs; mkHj;jg;gl;ldH. MapDk; cJkhdpaH fhyj;jpy; ,r;nry;thf;if my; m];`H ,oe;jJ.

gpuhd;rpaH vfpg;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa gpd; my; m];`H murpaypy; jd; nry;thf;if nrYj;j Muk;gpj;jJ. me;epa Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf cs;ehl;by; vOe;j fpsHr;rpf;Fg; gpd;dzpapy; epd;W my; m];`H cykhf;fNs nray;gl;ldH. ehlshtpa hPjpapy; me;epa Ml;rpf;F vjpuhd czHtiyfis mtHfs; cUthf;fpdH.

etPd fy;tp mwpKfkhf Muk;gpj;jJ Kjy; my; m];`hpd; nry;thf;F rw;Wf; Fiwa Muk;gpj;j NghJk; rkaf; fy;tpiag; nghWj;jtiu mJ njhlHe;Jk; r%fj;jpy; Kjd;ik ngw;wpUe;jJ. K`;kkjyp vfpg;jpd; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpa gpd; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd vfpg;jpa khztHfs; INuhg;gpa gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;F fy;tp gapy mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;ldH. Nkdhl;L fy;tp ,tHfs; %yk; vfpg;jpy; mwpKfkhfpajhy; kf;fspy; Njitfl;Fk; kdg;ghq;Ff;Fk; Vw;g my; m];`hpy; gy rPHjpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,j;jF rPHjpUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;L tUk; rl;lq;fs; gy 1872 Kjy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;ld. 1930 Yk; 1936 Yk; mwpKfkhf;fpa rl;lq;fs; %yk; gz;ila kuG topf; fy;tp Kiw xopf;fg;gl;L rka ,ay;> rl;l ,ay;> muG nkhop ,ay; vd;w %d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;l gy;fiyf;fofkhf my; m];`H khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.

ngsjpftpay;> ,urhadtpay;> jj;Jttpay;> me;epa nkhopfs; Kjyhk; fy;tpj; Jiwfs; gbg;gbahd mq;F mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;ld. Kf;fpa efHfspy; my; m];`H cld; ,izf;fg;gl;l fy;Y}hpfs; epWtg;gl;Ls;sd. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ,t;thwhf rPHjpUj;jq;fis mwpKfkhf;fpa NghJk; rka ,ay;> nkhop ,ay; Jiwfspy; ,d;Wk; gz;ila `y;fh Kiwg; Nghjidfs; ,lk; ngWtjijAk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

my; m];`hpd; khztHfSf;F vfpg;jpa ,sturHfSk;> nry;te;jHfSk; tf;G nra;j nrhj;Jf;fspd; tUthapy; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l epjpapy; ,Ue;J czTk;> Vida nghUl;fSk; toq;fg;gl;ld. ,e;eilKiw khw;wg;gl;L khztHfl;L jw;NghJ muNr epjpAjtp nra;J tUfpd;wJ.

my; m];`H Mapuk; Mz;L tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gilajhf ,Ue;j NghJk; ,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpy; njd;gLfpd;w KjyhtJ caHfy;tp epiyak; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtjw;fpy;iy. K];ypk; ];ngapdpd; NfhHNlhthg; gy;fiyf;fofk; my; m];`H Muk;gpg;gjw;F E}whz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; cyfpy; ,d;Ws;s gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; my; m];`H kpfg; goik tha;e;jJ. INuhg;ghtpYk; Gfo; ngw;w gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L KjNy Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. gpuhd;rpd; NrhNghd; gy;fiyf;fofk; gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. n[Hkdpapy; gjpdhd;fhk; E}w;whz;by; jhd; gy;fiyf;fofk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

my; m];`H gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,d;Wk; K];ypk; ehLfs; gytw;wpd; khztHfs; fy;tp gapy;fpd;wdH. vfpg;jpa muR K];ypk;fs; rpWghd;ikapduhf tho;fpd;w ,yq;if> ,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfspd; khztHfSf;F cjtpj; njhif toq;fp Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ. my; m];`hpy; jk; fy;tpiag; G+Hj;jp nra;j vfpg;jpa khztHfisj; njhz;lH MrphpaHfshfg; gzpahw;w vfpg;jpa muR jdJ nrytpy; ntspehl;L K];ypk; fy;tp epiyaq;fSf;F mDg;gp itf;fpd;wJ. my; m];`Uf;Fk; ntspehLfspy; cs;s fy;tp epiyaq;fSf;F ,ilapy; neUf;fkhd cwtpid Vw;gLj;j ,j;njhz;lH MrphpaHfs; Jiz epwf;ff; $ba tha;g;G ,Ug;gJk; Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;J tUle;NjhWk; K];ypk; khztHfs; vfpg;J cjtpj; njhifiag; ngw;W my; m];`hpy; fy;tp fw;W tUfpd;whHfs; vd;gJ Rl;bf;fhl;lj; jf;fJ.